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  133. .\" ========================================================================
  134. .\"
  135. .IX Title "ENC 1"
  136. .TH ENC 1 "2022-03-15" "1.1.1n" "OpenSSL"
  137. .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
  138. .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
  139. .if n .ad l
  140. .nh
  141. .SH "NAME"
  142. openssl\-enc, enc \- symmetric cipher routines
  143. .SH "SYNOPSIS"
  144. .IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
  145. \&\fBopenssl enc \-\f(BIcipher\fB\fR
  146. [\fB\-help\fR]
  147. [\fB\-list\fR]
  148. [\fB\-ciphers\fR]
  149. [\fB\-in filename\fR]
  150. [\fB\-out filename\fR]
  151. [\fB\-pass arg\fR]
  152. [\fB\-e\fR]
  153. [\fB\-d\fR]
  154. [\fB\-a\fR]
  155. [\fB\-base64\fR]
  156. [\fB\-A\fR]
  157. [\fB\-k password\fR]
  158. [\fB\-kfile filename\fR]
  159. [\fB\-K key\fR]
  160. [\fB\-iv \s-1IV\s0\fR]
  161. [\fB\-S salt\fR]
  162. [\fB\-salt\fR]
  163. [\fB\-nosalt\fR]
  164. [\fB\-z\fR]
  165. [\fB\-md digest\fR]
  166. [\fB\-iter count\fR]
  167. [\fB\-pbkdf2\fR]
  168. [\fB\-p\fR]
  169. [\fB\-P\fR]
  170. [\fB\-bufsize number\fR]
  171. [\fB\-nopad\fR]
  172. [\fB\-debug\fR]
  173. [\fB\-none\fR]
  174. [\fB\-rand file...\fR]
  175. [\fB\-writerand file\fR]
  176. [\fB\-engine id\fR]
  177. .PP
  178. \&\fBopenssl\fR \fI[cipher]\fR [\fB...\fR]
  179. .SH "DESCRIPTION"
  180. .IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
  181. The symmetric cipher commands allow data to be encrypted or decrypted
  182. using various block and stream ciphers using keys based on passwords
  183. or explicitly provided. Base64 encoding or decoding can also be performed
  184. either by itself or in addition to the encryption or decryption.
  185. .SH "OPTIONS"
  186. .IX Header "OPTIONS"
  187. .IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
  188. .IX Item "-help"
  189. Print out a usage message.
  190. .IP "\fB\-list\fR" 4
  191. .IX Item "-list"
  192. List all supported ciphers.
  193. .IP "\fB\-ciphers\fR" 4
  194. .IX Item "-ciphers"
  195. Alias of \-list to display all supported ciphers.
  196. .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
  197. .IX Item "-in filename"
  198. The input filename, standard input by default.
  199. .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
  200. .IX Item "-out filename"
  201. The output filename, standard output by default.
  202. .IP "\fB\-pass arg\fR" 4
  203. .IX Item "-pass arg"
  204. The password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
  205. see \*(L"Pass Phrase Options\*(R" in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
  206. .IP "\fB\-e\fR" 4
  207. .IX Item "-e"
  208. Encrypt the input data: this is the default.
  209. .IP "\fB\-d\fR" 4
  210. .IX Item "-d"
  211. Decrypt the input data.
  212. .IP "\fB\-a\fR" 4
  213. .IX Item "-a"
  214. Base64 process the data. This means that if encryption is taking place
  215. the data is base64 encoded after encryption. If decryption is set then
  216. the input data is base64 decoded before being decrypted.
  217. .IP "\fB\-base64\fR" 4
  218. .IX Item "-base64"
  219. Same as \fB\-a\fR
  220. .IP "\fB\-A\fR" 4
  221. .IX Item "-A"
  222. If the \fB\-a\fR option is set then base64 process the data on one line.
  223. .IP "\fB\-k password\fR" 4
  224. .IX Item "-k password"
  225. The password to derive the key from. This is for compatibility with previous
  226. versions of OpenSSL. Superseded by the \fB\-pass\fR argument.
  227. .IP "\fB\-kfile filename\fR" 4
  228. .IX Item "-kfile filename"
  229. Read the password to derive the key from the first line of \fBfilename\fR.
  230. This is for compatibility with previous versions of OpenSSL. Superseded by
  231. the \fB\-pass\fR argument.
  232. .IP "\fB\-md digest\fR" 4
  233. .IX Item "-md digest"
  234. Use the specified digest to create the key from the passphrase.
  235. The default algorithm is sha\-256.
  236. .IP "\fB\-iter count\fR" 4
  237. .IX Item "-iter count"
  238. Use a given number of iterations on the password in deriving the encryption key.
  239. High values increase the time required to brute-force the resulting file.
  240. This option enables the use of \s-1PBKDF2\s0 algorithm to derive the key.
  241. .IP "\fB\-pbkdf2\fR" 4
  242. .IX Item "-pbkdf2"
  243. Use \s-1PBKDF2\s0 algorithm with default iteration count unless otherwise specified.
  244. .IP "\fB\-nosalt\fR" 4
  245. .IX Item "-nosalt"
  246. Don't use a salt in the key derivation routines. This option \fB\s-1SHOULD NOT\s0\fR be
  247. used except for test purposes or compatibility with ancient versions of
  248. OpenSSL.
  249. .IP "\fB\-salt\fR" 4
  250. .IX Item "-salt"
  251. Use salt (randomly generated or provide with \fB\-S\fR option) when
  252. encrypting, this is the default.
  253. .IP "\fB\-S salt\fR" 4
  254. .IX Item "-S salt"
  255. The actual salt to use: this must be represented as a string of hex digits.
  256. .IP "\fB\-K key\fR" 4
  257. .IX Item "-K key"
  258. The actual key to use: this must be represented as a string comprised only
  259. of hex digits. If only the key is specified, the \s-1IV\s0 must additionally specified
  260. using the \fB\-iv\fR option. When both a key and a password are specified, the
  261. key given with the \fB\-K\fR option will be used and the \s-1IV\s0 generated from the
  262. password will be taken. It does not make much sense to specify both key
  263. and password.
  264. .IP "\fB\-iv \s-1IV\s0\fR" 4
  265. .IX Item "-iv IV"
  266. The actual \s-1IV\s0 to use: this must be represented as a string comprised only
  267. of hex digits. When only the key is specified using the \fB\-K\fR option, the
  268. \&\s-1IV\s0 must explicitly be defined. When a password is being specified using
  269. one of the other options, the \s-1IV\s0 is generated from this password.
  270. .IP "\fB\-p\fR" 4
  271. .IX Item "-p"
  272. Print out the key and \s-1IV\s0 used.
  273. .IP "\fB\-P\fR" 4
  274. .IX Item "-P"
  275. Print out the key and \s-1IV\s0 used then immediately exit: don't do any encryption
  276. or decryption.
  277. .IP "\fB\-bufsize number\fR" 4
  278. .IX Item "-bufsize number"
  279. Set the buffer size for I/O.
  280. .IP "\fB\-nopad\fR" 4
  281. .IX Item "-nopad"
  282. Disable standard block padding.
  283. .IP "\fB\-debug\fR" 4
  284. .IX Item "-debug"
  285. Debug the BIOs used for I/O.
  286. .IP "\fB\-z\fR" 4
  287. .IX Item "-z"
  288. Compress or decompress encrypted data using zlib after encryption or before
  289. decryption. This option exists only if OpenSSL was compiled with the zlib
  290. or zlib-dynamic option.
  291. .IP "\fB\-none\fR" 4
  292. .IX Item "-none"
  293. Use \s-1NULL\s0 cipher (no encryption or decryption of input).
  294. .IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
  295. .IX Item "-rand file..."
  296. A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
  297. generator.
  298. Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
  299. The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
  300. all others.
  301. .IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
  302. .IX Item "[-writerand file]"
  303. Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
  304. This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
  305. .SH "NOTES"
  306. .IX Header "NOTES"
  307. The program can be called either as \fBopenssl cipher\fR or
  308. \&\fBopenssl enc \-cipher\fR. The first form doesn't work with
  309. engine-provided ciphers, because this form is processed before the
  310. configuration file is read and any ENGINEs loaded.
  311. Use the \fBlist\fR command to get a list of supported ciphers.
  312. .PP
  313. Engines which provide entirely new encryption algorithms (such as the ccgost
  314. engine which provides gost89 algorithm) should be configured in the
  315. configuration file. Engines specified on the command line using \-engine
  316. options can only be used for hardware-assisted implementations of
  317. ciphers which are supported by the OpenSSL core or another engine specified
  318. in the configuration file.
  319. .PP
  320. When the enc command lists supported ciphers, ciphers provided by engines,
  321. specified in the configuration files are listed too.
  322. .PP
  323. A password will be prompted for to derive the key and \s-1IV\s0 if necessary.
  324. .PP
  325. The \fB\-salt\fR option should \fB\s-1ALWAYS\s0\fR be used if the key is being derived
  326. from a password unless you want compatibility with previous versions of
  327. OpenSSL.
  328. .PP
  329. Without the \fB\-salt\fR option it is possible to perform efficient dictionary
  330. attacks on the password and to attack stream cipher encrypted data. The reason
  331. for this is that without the salt the same password always generates the same
  332. encryption key. When the salt is being used the first eight bytes of the
  333. encrypted data are reserved for the salt: it is generated at random when
  334. encrypting a file and read from the encrypted file when it is decrypted.
  335. .PP
  336. Some of the ciphers do not have large keys and others have security
  337. implications if not used correctly. A beginner is advised to just use
  338. a strong block cipher, such as \s-1AES,\s0 in \s-1CBC\s0 mode.
  339. .PP
  340. All the block ciphers normally use PKCS#5 padding, also known as standard
  341. block padding. This allows a rudimentary integrity or password check to
  342. be performed. However, since the chance of random data passing the test
  343. is better than 1 in 256 it isn't a very good test.
  344. .PP
  345. If padding is disabled then the input data must be a multiple of the cipher
  346. block length.
  347. .PP
  348. All \s-1RC2\s0 ciphers have the same key and effective key length.
  349. .PP
  350. Blowfish and \s-1RC5\s0 algorithms use a 128 bit key.
  351. .SH "SUPPORTED CIPHERS"
  352. .IX Header "SUPPORTED CIPHERS"
  353. Note that some of these ciphers can be disabled at compile time
  354. and some are available only if an appropriate engine is configured
  355. in the configuration file. The output of the \fBenc\fR command run with
  356. the \fB\-ciphers\fR option (that is \fBopenssl enc \-ciphers\fR) produces a
  357. list of ciphers, supported by your version of OpenSSL, including
  358. ones provided by configured engines.
  359. .PP
  360. The \fBenc\fR program does not support authenticated encryption modes
  361. like \s-1CCM\s0 and \s-1GCM,\s0 and will not support such modes in the future.
  362. The \fBenc\fR interface by necessity must begin streaming output (e.g.,
  363. to standard output when \fB\-out\fR is not used) before the authentication
  364. tag could be validated, leading to the usage of \fBenc\fR in pipelines
  365. that begin processing untrusted data and are not capable of rolling
  366. back upon authentication failure. The \s-1AEAD\s0 modes currently in common
  367. use also suffer from catastrophic failure of confidentiality and/or
  368. integrity upon reuse of key/iv/nonce, and since \fBenc\fR places the
  369. entire burden of key/iv/nonce management upon the user, the risk of
  370. exposing \s-1AEAD\s0 modes is too great to allow. These key/iv/nonce
  371. management issues also affect other modes currently exposed in \fBenc\fR,
  372. but the failure modes are less extreme in these cases, and the
  373. functionality cannot be removed with a stable release branch.
  374. For bulk encryption of data, whether using authenticated encryption
  375. modes or other modes, \fBcms\fR\|(1) is recommended, as it provides a
  376. standard data format and performs the needed key/iv/nonce management.
  377. .PP
  378. .Vb 1
  379. \& base64 Base 64
  380. \&
  381. \& bf\-cbc Blowfish in CBC mode
  382. \& bf Alias for bf\-cbc
  383. \& blowfish Alias for bf\-cbc
  384. \& bf\-cfb Blowfish in CFB mode
  385. \& bf\-ecb Blowfish in ECB mode
  386. \& bf\-ofb Blowfish in OFB mode
  387. \&
  388. \& cast\-cbc CAST in CBC mode
  389. \& cast Alias for cast\-cbc
  390. \& cast5\-cbc CAST5 in CBC mode
  391. \& cast5\-cfb CAST5 in CFB mode
  392. \& cast5\-ecb CAST5 in ECB mode
  393. \& cast5\-ofb CAST5 in OFB mode
  394. \&
  395. \& chacha20 ChaCha20 algorithm
  396. \&
  397. \& des\-cbc DES in CBC mode
  398. \& des Alias for des\-cbc
  399. \& des\-cfb DES in CFB mode
  400. \& des\-ofb DES in OFB mode
  401. \& des\-ecb DES in ECB mode
  402. \&
  403. \& des\-ede\-cbc Two key triple DES EDE in CBC mode
  404. \& des\-ede Two key triple DES EDE in ECB mode
  405. \& des\-ede\-cfb Two key triple DES EDE in CFB mode
  406. \& des\-ede\-ofb Two key triple DES EDE in OFB mode
  407. \&
  408. \& des\-ede3\-cbc Three key triple DES EDE in CBC mode
  409. \& des\-ede3 Three key triple DES EDE in ECB mode
  410. \& des3 Alias for des\-ede3\-cbc
  411. \& des\-ede3\-cfb Three key triple DES EDE CFB mode
  412. \& des\-ede3\-ofb Three key triple DES EDE in OFB mode
  413. \&
  414. \& desx DESX algorithm.
  415. \&
  416. \& gost89 GOST 28147\-89 in CFB mode (provided by ccgost engine)
  417. \& gost89\-cnt \`GOST 28147\-89 in CNT mode (provided by ccgost engine)
  418. \&
  419. \& idea\-cbc IDEA algorithm in CBC mode
  420. \& idea same as idea\-cbc
  421. \& idea\-cfb IDEA in CFB mode
  422. \& idea\-ecb IDEA in ECB mode
  423. \& idea\-ofb IDEA in OFB mode
  424. \&
  425. \& rc2\-cbc 128 bit RC2 in CBC mode
  426. \& rc2 Alias for rc2\-cbc
  427. \& rc2\-cfb 128 bit RC2 in CFB mode
  428. \& rc2\-ecb 128 bit RC2 in ECB mode
  429. \& rc2\-ofb 128 bit RC2 in OFB mode
  430. \& rc2\-64\-cbc 64 bit RC2 in CBC mode
  431. \& rc2\-40\-cbc 40 bit RC2 in CBC mode
  432. \&
  433. \& rc4 128 bit RC4
  434. \& rc4\-64 64 bit RC4
  435. \& rc4\-40 40 bit RC4
  436. \&
  437. \& rc5\-cbc RC5 cipher in CBC mode
  438. \& rc5 Alias for rc5\-cbc
  439. \& rc5\-cfb RC5 cipher in CFB mode
  440. \& rc5\-ecb RC5 cipher in ECB mode
  441. \& rc5\-ofb RC5 cipher in OFB mode
  442. \&
  443. \& seed\-cbc SEED cipher in CBC mode
  444. \& seed Alias for seed\-cbc
  445. \& seed\-cfb SEED cipher in CFB mode
  446. \& seed\-ecb SEED cipher in ECB mode
  447. \& seed\-ofb SEED cipher in OFB mode
  448. \&
  449. \& sm4\-cbc SM4 cipher in CBC mode
  450. \& sm4 Alias for sm4\-cbc
  451. \& sm4\-cfb SM4 cipher in CFB mode
  452. \& sm4\-ctr SM4 cipher in CTR mode
  453. \& sm4\-ecb SM4 cipher in ECB mode
  454. \& sm4\-ofb SM4 cipher in OFB mode
  455. \&
  456. \& aes\-[128|192|256]\-cbc 128/192/256 bit AES in CBC mode
  457. \& aes[128|192|256] Alias for aes\-[128|192|256]\-cbc
  458. \& aes\-[128|192|256]\-cfb 128/192/256 bit AES in 128 bit CFB mode
  459. \& aes\-[128|192|256]\-cfb1 128/192/256 bit AES in 1 bit CFB mode
  460. \& aes\-[128|192|256]\-cfb8 128/192/256 bit AES in 8 bit CFB mode
  461. \& aes\-[128|192|256]\-ctr 128/192/256 bit AES in CTR mode
  462. \& aes\-[128|192|256]\-ecb 128/192/256 bit AES in ECB mode
  463. \& aes\-[128|192|256]\-ofb 128/192/256 bit AES in OFB mode
  464. \&
  465. \& aria\-[128|192|256]\-cbc 128/192/256 bit ARIA in CBC mode
  466. \& aria[128|192|256] Alias for aria\-[128|192|256]\-cbc
  467. \& aria\-[128|192|256]\-cfb 128/192/256 bit ARIA in 128 bit CFB mode
  468. \& aria\-[128|192|256]\-cfb1 128/192/256 bit ARIA in 1 bit CFB mode
  469. \& aria\-[128|192|256]\-cfb8 128/192/256 bit ARIA in 8 bit CFB mode
  470. \& aria\-[128|192|256]\-ctr 128/192/256 bit ARIA in CTR mode
  471. \& aria\-[128|192|256]\-ecb 128/192/256 bit ARIA in ECB mode
  472. \& aria\-[128|192|256]\-ofb 128/192/256 bit ARIA in OFB mode
  473. \&
  474. \& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-cbc 128/192/256 bit Camellia in CBC mode
  475. \& camellia[128|192|256] Alias for camellia\-[128|192|256]\-cbc
  476. \& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-cfb 128/192/256 bit Camellia in 128 bit CFB mode
  477. \& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-cfb1 128/192/256 bit Camellia in 1 bit CFB mode
  478. \& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-cfb8 128/192/256 bit Camellia in 8 bit CFB mode
  479. \& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-ctr 128/192/256 bit Camellia in CTR mode
  480. \& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-ecb 128/192/256 bit Camellia in ECB mode
  481. \& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-ofb 128/192/256 bit Camellia in OFB mode
  482. .Ve
  483. .SH "EXAMPLES"
  484. .IX Header "EXAMPLES"
  485. Just base64 encode a binary file:
  486. .PP
  487. .Vb 1
  488. \& openssl base64 \-in file.bin \-out file.b64
  489. .Ve
  490. .PP
  491. Decode the same file
  492. .PP
  493. .Vb 1
  494. \& openssl base64 \-d \-in file.b64 \-out file.bin
  495. .Ve
  496. .PP
  497. Encrypt a file using \s-1AES\-128\s0 using a prompted password
  498. and \s-1PBKDF2\s0 key derivation:
  499. .PP
  500. .Vb 1
  501. \& openssl enc \-aes128 \-pbkdf2 \-in file.txt \-out file.aes128
  502. .Ve
  503. .PP
  504. Decrypt a file using a supplied password:
  505. .PP
  506. .Vb 2
  507. \& openssl enc \-aes128 \-pbkdf2 \-d \-in file.aes128 \-out file.txt \e
  508. \& \-pass pass:<password>
  509. .Ve
  510. .PP
  511. Encrypt a file then base64 encode it (so it can be sent via mail for example)
  512. using \s-1AES\-256\s0 in \s-1CTR\s0 mode and \s-1PBKDF2\s0 key derivation:
  513. .PP
  514. .Vb 1
  515. \& openssl enc \-aes\-256\-ctr \-pbkdf2 \-a \-in file.txt \-out file.aes256
  516. .Ve
  517. .PP
  518. Base64 decode a file then decrypt it using a password supplied in a file:
  519. .PP
  520. .Vb 2
  521. \& openssl enc \-aes\-256\-ctr \-pbkdf2 \-d \-a \-in file.aes256 \-out file.txt \e
  522. \& \-pass file:<passfile>
  523. .Ve
  524. .SH "BUGS"
  525. .IX Header "BUGS"
  526. The \fB\-A\fR option when used with large files doesn't work properly.
  527. .PP
  528. The \fBenc\fR program only supports a fixed number of algorithms with
  529. certain parameters. So if, for example, you want to use \s-1RC2\s0 with a
  530. 76 bit key or \s-1RC4\s0 with an 84 bit key you can't use this program.
  531. .SH "HISTORY"
  532. .IX Header "HISTORY"
  533. The default digest was changed from \s-1MD5\s0 to \s-1SHA256\s0 in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
  534. .PP
  535. The \fB\-list\fR option was added in OpenSSL 1.1.1e.
  536. .SH "COPYRIGHT"
  537. .IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
  538. Copyright 2000\-2021 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
  539. .PP
  540. Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
  541. this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
  542. in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
  543. <https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.