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- .\" ========================================================================
- .\"
- .IX Title "ENC 1"
- .TH ENC 1 "2022-03-15" "1.1.1n" "OpenSSL"
- .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
- .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
- .if n .ad l
- .nh
- .SH "NAME"
- openssl\-enc, enc \- symmetric cipher routines
- .SH "SYNOPSIS"
- .IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
- \&\fBopenssl enc \-\f(BIcipher\fB\fR
- [\fB\-help\fR]
- [\fB\-list\fR]
- [\fB\-ciphers\fR]
- [\fB\-in filename\fR]
- [\fB\-out filename\fR]
- [\fB\-pass arg\fR]
- [\fB\-e\fR]
- [\fB\-d\fR]
- [\fB\-a\fR]
- [\fB\-base64\fR]
- [\fB\-A\fR]
- [\fB\-k password\fR]
- [\fB\-kfile filename\fR]
- [\fB\-K key\fR]
- [\fB\-iv \s-1IV\s0\fR]
- [\fB\-S salt\fR]
- [\fB\-salt\fR]
- [\fB\-nosalt\fR]
- [\fB\-z\fR]
- [\fB\-md digest\fR]
- [\fB\-iter count\fR]
- [\fB\-pbkdf2\fR]
- [\fB\-p\fR]
- [\fB\-P\fR]
- [\fB\-bufsize number\fR]
- [\fB\-nopad\fR]
- [\fB\-debug\fR]
- [\fB\-none\fR]
- [\fB\-rand file...\fR]
- [\fB\-writerand file\fR]
- [\fB\-engine id\fR]
- .PP
- \&\fBopenssl\fR \fI[cipher]\fR [\fB...\fR]
- .SH "DESCRIPTION"
- .IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
- The symmetric cipher commands allow data to be encrypted or decrypted
- using various block and stream ciphers using keys based on passwords
- or explicitly provided. Base64 encoding or decoding can also be performed
- either by itself or in addition to the encryption or decryption.
- .SH "OPTIONS"
- .IX Header "OPTIONS"
- .IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-help"
- Print out a usage message.
- .IP "\fB\-list\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-list"
- List all supported ciphers.
- .IP "\fB\-ciphers\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-ciphers"
- Alias of \-list to display all supported ciphers.
- .IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-in filename"
- The input filename, standard input by default.
- .IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-out filename"
- The output filename, standard output by default.
- .IP "\fB\-pass arg\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-pass arg"
- The password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
- see \*(L"Pass Phrase Options\*(R" in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
- .IP "\fB\-e\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-e"
- Encrypt the input data: this is the default.
- .IP "\fB\-d\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-d"
- Decrypt the input data.
- .IP "\fB\-a\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-a"
- Base64 process the data. This means that if encryption is taking place
- the data is base64 encoded after encryption. If decryption is set then
- the input data is base64 decoded before being decrypted.
- .IP "\fB\-base64\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-base64"
- Same as \fB\-a\fR
- .IP "\fB\-A\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-A"
- If the \fB\-a\fR option is set then base64 process the data on one line.
- .IP "\fB\-k password\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-k password"
- The password to derive the key from. This is for compatibility with previous
- versions of OpenSSL. Superseded by the \fB\-pass\fR argument.
- .IP "\fB\-kfile filename\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-kfile filename"
- Read the password to derive the key from the first line of \fBfilename\fR.
- This is for compatibility with previous versions of OpenSSL. Superseded by
- the \fB\-pass\fR argument.
- .IP "\fB\-md digest\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-md digest"
- Use the specified digest to create the key from the passphrase.
- The default algorithm is sha\-256.
- .IP "\fB\-iter count\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-iter count"
- Use a given number of iterations on the password in deriving the encryption key.
- High values increase the time required to brute-force the resulting file.
- This option enables the use of \s-1PBKDF2\s0 algorithm to derive the key.
- .IP "\fB\-pbkdf2\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-pbkdf2"
- Use \s-1PBKDF2\s0 algorithm with default iteration count unless otherwise specified.
- .IP "\fB\-nosalt\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-nosalt"
- Don't use a salt in the key derivation routines. This option \fB\s-1SHOULD NOT\s0\fR be
- used except for test purposes or compatibility with ancient versions of
- OpenSSL.
- .IP "\fB\-salt\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-salt"
- Use salt (randomly generated or provide with \fB\-S\fR option) when
- encrypting, this is the default.
- .IP "\fB\-S salt\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-S salt"
- The actual salt to use: this must be represented as a string of hex digits.
- .IP "\fB\-K key\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-K key"
- The actual key to use: this must be represented as a string comprised only
- of hex digits. If only the key is specified, the \s-1IV\s0 must additionally specified
- using the \fB\-iv\fR option. When both a key and a password are specified, the
- key given with the \fB\-K\fR option will be used and the \s-1IV\s0 generated from the
- password will be taken. It does not make much sense to specify both key
- and password.
- .IP "\fB\-iv \s-1IV\s0\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-iv IV"
- The actual \s-1IV\s0 to use: this must be represented as a string comprised only
- of hex digits. When only the key is specified using the \fB\-K\fR option, the
- \&\s-1IV\s0 must explicitly be defined. When a password is being specified using
- one of the other options, the \s-1IV\s0 is generated from this password.
- .IP "\fB\-p\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-p"
- Print out the key and \s-1IV\s0 used.
- .IP "\fB\-P\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-P"
- Print out the key and \s-1IV\s0 used then immediately exit: don't do any encryption
- or decryption.
- .IP "\fB\-bufsize number\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-bufsize number"
- Set the buffer size for I/O.
- .IP "\fB\-nopad\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-nopad"
- Disable standard block padding.
- .IP "\fB\-debug\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-debug"
- Debug the BIOs used for I/O.
- .IP "\fB\-z\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-z"
- Compress or decompress encrypted data using zlib after encryption or before
- decryption. This option exists only if OpenSSL was compiled with the zlib
- or zlib-dynamic option.
- .IP "\fB\-none\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-none"
- Use \s-1NULL\s0 cipher (no encryption or decryption of input).
- .IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
- .IX Item "-rand file..."
- A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
- generator.
- Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
- The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
- all others.
- .IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
- .IX Item "[-writerand file]"
- Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
- This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
- .SH "NOTES"
- .IX Header "NOTES"
- The program can be called either as \fBopenssl cipher\fR or
- \&\fBopenssl enc \-cipher\fR. The first form doesn't work with
- engine-provided ciphers, because this form is processed before the
- configuration file is read and any ENGINEs loaded.
- Use the \fBlist\fR command to get a list of supported ciphers.
- .PP
- Engines which provide entirely new encryption algorithms (such as the ccgost
- engine which provides gost89 algorithm) should be configured in the
- configuration file. Engines specified on the command line using \-engine
- options can only be used for hardware-assisted implementations of
- ciphers which are supported by the OpenSSL core or another engine specified
- in the configuration file.
- .PP
- When the enc command lists supported ciphers, ciphers provided by engines,
- specified in the configuration files are listed too.
- .PP
- A password will be prompted for to derive the key and \s-1IV\s0 if necessary.
- .PP
- The \fB\-salt\fR option should \fB\s-1ALWAYS\s0\fR be used if the key is being derived
- from a password unless you want compatibility with previous versions of
- OpenSSL.
- .PP
- Without the \fB\-salt\fR option it is possible to perform efficient dictionary
- attacks on the password and to attack stream cipher encrypted data. The reason
- for this is that without the salt the same password always generates the same
- encryption key. When the salt is being used the first eight bytes of the
- encrypted data are reserved for the salt: it is generated at random when
- encrypting a file and read from the encrypted file when it is decrypted.
- .PP
- Some of the ciphers do not have large keys and others have security
- implications if not used correctly. A beginner is advised to just use
- a strong block cipher, such as \s-1AES,\s0 in \s-1CBC\s0 mode.
- .PP
- All the block ciphers normally use PKCS#5 padding, also known as standard
- block padding. This allows a rudimentary integrity or password check to
- be performed. However, since the chance of random data passing the test
- is better than 1 in 256 it isn't a very good test.
- .PP
- If padding is disabled then the input data must be a multiple of the cipher
- block length.
- .PP
- All \s-1RC2\s0 ciphers have the same key and effective key length.
- .PP
- Blowfish and \s-1RC5\s0 algorithms use a 128 bit key.
- .SH "SUPPORTED CIPHERS"
- .IX Header "SUPPORTED CIPHERS"
- Note that some of these ciphers can be disabled at compile time
- and some are available only if an appropriate engine is configured
- in the configuration file. The output of the \fBenc\fR command run with
- the \fB\-ciphers\fR option (that is \fBopenssl enc \-ciphers\fR) produces a
- list of ciphers, supported by your version of OpenSSL, including
- ones provided by configured engines.
- .PP
- The \fBenc\fR program does not support authenticated encryption modes
- like \s-1CCM\s0 and \s-1GCM,\s0 and will not support such modes in the future.
- The \fBenc\fR interface by necessity must begin streaming output (e.g.,
- to standard output when \fB\-out\fR is not used) before the authentication
- tag could be validated, leading to the usage of \fBenc\fR in pipelines
- that begin processing untrusted data and are not capable of rolling
- back upon authentication failure. The \s-1AEAD\s0 modes currently in common
- use also suffer from catastrophic failure of confidentiality and/or
- integrity upon reuse of key/iv/nonce, and since \fBenc\fR places the
- entire burden of key/iv/nonce management upon the user, the risk of
- exposing \s-1AEAD\s0 modes is too great to allow. These key/iv/nonce
- management issues also affect other modes currently exposed in \fBenc\fR,
- but the failure modes are less extreme in these cases, and the
- functionality cannot be removed with a stable release branch.
- For bulk encryption of data, whether using authenticated encryption
- modes or other modes, \fBcms\fR\|(1) is recommended, as it provides a
- standard data format and performs the needed key/iv/nonce management.
- .PP
- .Vb 1
- \& base64 Base 64
- \&
- \& bf\-cbc Blowfish in CBC mode
- \& bf Alias for bf\-cbc
- \& blowfish Alias for bf\-cbc
- \& bf\-cfb Blowfish in CFB mode
- \& bf\-ecb Blowfish in ECB mode
- \& bf\-ofb Blowfish in OFB mode
- \&
- \& cast\-cbc CAST in CBC mode
- \& cast Alias for cast\-cbc
- \& cast5\-cbc CAST5 in CBC mode
- \& cast5\-cfb CAST5 in CFB mode
- \& cast5\-ecb CAST5 in ECB mode
- \& cast5\-ofb CAST5 in OFB mode
- \&
- \& chacha20 ChaCha20 algorithm
- \&
- \& des\-cbc DES in CBC mode
- \& des Alias for des\-cbc
- \& des\-cfb DES in CFB mode
- \& des\-ofb DES in OFB mode
- \& des\-ecb DES in ECB mode
- \&
- \& des\-ede\-cbc Two key triple DES EDE in CBC mode
- \& des\-ede Two key triple DES EDE in ECB mode
- \& des\-ede\-cfb Two key triple DES EDE in CFB mode
- \& des\-ede\-ofb Two key triple DES EDE in OFB mode
- \&
- \& des\-ede3\-cbc Three key triple DES EDE in CBC mode
- \& des\-ede3 Three key triple DES EDE in ECB mode
- \& des3 Alias for des\-ede3\-cbc
- \& des\-ede3\-cfb Three key triple DES EDE CFB mode
- \& des\-ede3\-ofb Three key triple DES EDE in OFB mode
- \&
- \& desx DESX algorithm.
- \&
- \& gost89 GOST 28147\-89 in CFB mode (provided by ccgost engine)
- \& gost89\-cnt \`GOST 28147\-89 in CNT mode (provided by ccgost engine)
- \&
- \& idea\-cbc IDEA algorithm in CBC mode
- \& idea same as idea\-cbc
- \& idea\-cfb IDEA in CFB mode
- \& idea\-ecb IDEA in ECB mode
- \& idea\-ofb IDEA in OFB mode
- \&
- \& rc2\-cbc 128 bit RC2 in CBC mode
- \& rc2 Alias for rc2\-cbc
- \& rc2\-cfb 128 bit RC2 in CFB mode
- \& rc2\-ecb 128 bit RC2 in ECB mode
- \& rc2\-ofb 128 bit RC2 in OFB mode
- \& rc2\-64\-cbc 64 bit RC2 in CBC mode
- \& rc2\-40\-cbc 40 bit RC2 in CBC mode
- \&
- \& rc4 128 bit RC4
- \& rc4\-64 64 bit RC4
- \& rc4\-40 40 bit RC4
- \&
- \& rc5\-cbc RC5 cipher in CBC mode
- \& rc5 Alias for rc5\-cbc
- \& rc5\-cfb RC5 cipher in CFB mode
- \& rc5\-ecb RC5 cipher in ECB mode
- \& rc5\-ofb RC5 cipher in OFB mode
- \&
- \& seed\-cbc SEED cipher in CBC mode
- \& seed Alias for seed\-cbc
- \& seed\-cfb SEED cipher in CFB mode
- \& seed\-ecb SEED cipher in ECB mode
- \& seed\-ofb SEED cipher in OFB mode
- \&
- \& sm4\-cbc SM4 cipher in CBC mode
- \& sm4 Alias for sm4\-cbc
- \& sm4\-cfb SM4 cipher in CFB mode
- \& sm4\-ctr SM4 cipher in CTR mode
- \& sm4\-ecb SM4 cipher in ECB mode
- \& sm4\-ofb SM4 cipher in OFB mode
- \&
- \& aes\-[128|192|256]\-cbc 128/192/256 bit AES in CBC mode
- \& aes[128|192|256] Alias for aes\-[128|192|256]\-cbc
- \& aes\-[128|192|256]\-cfb 128/192/256 bit AES in 128 bit CFB mode
- \& aes\-[128|192|256]\-cfb1 128/192/256 bit AES in 1 bit CFB mode
- \& aes\-[128|192|256]\-cfb8 128/192/256 bit AES in 8 bit CFB mode
- \& aes\-[128|192|256]\-ctr 128/192/256 bit AES in CTR mode
- \& aes\-[128|192|256]\-ecb 128/192/256 bit AES in ECB mode
- \& aes\-[128|192|256]\-ofb 128/192/256 bit AES in OFB mode
- \&
- \& aria\-[128|192|256]\-cbc 128/192/256 bit ARIA in CBC mode
- \& aria[128|192|256] Alias for aria\-[128|192|256]\-cbc
- \& aria\-[128|192|256]\-cfb 128/192/256 bit ARIA in 128 bit CFB mode
- \& aria\-[128|192|256]\-cfb1 128/192/256 bit ARIA in 1 bit CFB mode
- \& aria\-[128|192|256]\-cfb8 128/192/256 bit ARIA in 8 bit CFB mode
- \& aria\-[128|192|256]\-ctr 128/192/256 bit ARIA in CTR mode
- \& aria\-[128|192|256]\-ecb 128/192/256 bit ARIA in ECB mode
- \& aria\-[128|192|256]\-ofb 128/192/256 bit ARIA in OFB mode
- \&
- \& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-cbc 128/192/256 bit Camellia in CBC mode
- \& camellia[128|192|256] Alias for camellia\-[128|192|256]\-cbc
- \& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-cfb 128/192/256 bit Camellia in 128 bit CFB mode
- \& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-cfb1 128/192/256 bit Camellia in 1 bit CFB mode
- \& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-cfb8 128/192/256 bit Camellia in 8 bit CFB mode
- \& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-ctr 128/192/256 bit Camellia in CTR mode
- \& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-ecb 128/192/256 bit Camellia in ECB mode
- \& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-ofb 128/192/256 bit Camellia in OFB mode
- .Ve
- .SH "EXAMPLES"
- .IX Header "EXAMPLES"
- Just base64 encode a binary file:
- .PP
- .Vb 1
- \& openssl base64 \-in file.bin \-out file.b64
- .Ve
- .PP
- Decode the same file
- .PP
- .Vb 1
- \& openssl base64 \-d \-in file.b64 \-out file.bin
- .Ve
- .PP
- Encrypt a file using \s-1AES\-128\s0 using a prompted password
- and \s-1PBKDF2\s0 key derivation:
- .PP
- .Vb 1
- \& openssl enc \-aes128 \-pbkdf2 \-in file.txt \-out file.aes128
- .Ve
- .PP
- Decrypt a file using a supplied password:
- .PP
- .Vb 2
- \& openssl enc \-aes128 \-pbkdf2 \-d \-in file.aes128 \-out file.txt \e
- \& \-pass pass:<password>
- .Ve
- .PP
- Encrypt a file then base64 encode it (so it can be sent via mail for example)
- using \s-1AES\-256\s0 in \s-1CTR\s0 mode and \s-1PBKDF2\s0 key derivation:
- .PP
- .Vb 1
- \& openssl enc \-aes\-256\-ctr \-pbkdf2 \-a \-in file.txt \-out file.aes256
- .Ve
- .PP
- Base64 decode a file then decrypt it using a password supplied in a file:
- .PP
- .Vb 2
- \& openssl enc \-aes\-256\-ctr \-pbkdf2 \-d \-a \-in file.aes256 \-out file.txt \e
- \& \-pass file:<passfile>
- .Ve
- .SH "BUGS"
- .IX Header "BUGS"
- The \fB\-A\fR option when used with large files doesn't work properly.
- .PP
- The \fBenc\fR program only supports a fixed number of algorithms with
- certain parameters. So if, for example, you want to use \s-1RC2\s0 with a
- 76 bit key or \s-1RC4\s0 with an 84 bit key you can't use this program.
- .SH "HISTORY"
- .IX Header "HISTORY"
- The default digest was changed from \s-1MD5\s0 to \s-1SHA256\s0 in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
- .PP
- The \fB\-list\fR option was added in OpenSSL 1.1.1e.
- .SH "COPYRIGHT"
- .IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
- Copyright 2000\-2021 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
- .PP
- Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
- this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
- in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
- <https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.
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