BusyBox.txt 149 KB

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  1. NAME
  2. BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux
  3. SYNTAX
  4. busybox <applet> [arguments...] # or
  5. <applet> [arguments...] # if symlinked
  6. DESCRIPTION
  7. BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a
  8. single small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of
  9. the utilities you usually find in GNU coreutils, util-linux, etc. The
  10. utilities in BusyBox generally have fewer options than their
  11. full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options that are included
  12. provide the expected functionality and behave very much like their GNU
  13. counterparts.
  14. BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in
  15. mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude
  16. commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize
  17. your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add /dev, /etc,
  18. and a Linux kernel. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment
  19. for any small or embedded system.
  20. BusyBox is extremely configurable. This allows you to include only the
  21. components you need, thereby reducing binary size. Run 'make config' or
  22. 'make menuconfig' to select the functionality that you wish to enable.
  23. Then run 'make' to compile BusyBox using your configuration.
  24. After the compile has finished, you should use 'make install' to install
  25. BusyBox. This will install the 'bin/busybox' binary, in the target
  26. directory specified by CONFIG_PREFIX. CONFIG_PREFIX can be set when
  27. configuring BusyBox, or you can specify an alternative location at
  28. install time (i.e., with a command line like 'make
  29. CONFIG_PREFIX=/tmp/foo install'). If you enabled any applet installation
  30. scheme (either as symlinks or hardlinks), these will also be installed
  31. in the location pointed to by CONFIG_PREFIX.
  32. USAGE
  33. BusyBox is a multi-call binary. A multi-call binary is an executable
  34. program that performs the same job as more than one utility program.
  35. That means there is just a single BusyBox binary, but that single binary
  36. acts like a large number of utilities. This allows BusyBox to be smaller
  37. since all the built-in utility programs (we call them applets) can share
  38. code for many common operations.
  39. You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing a command as an argument on the
  40. command line. For example, entering
  41. /bin/busybox ls
  42. will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.
  43. Of course, adding '/bin/busybox' into every command would be painful. So
  44. most people will invoke BusyBox using links to the BusyBox binary.
  45. For example, entering
  46. ln -s /bin/busybox ls
  47. ./ls
  48. will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been
  49. compiled into BusyBox). Generally speaking, you should never need to
  50. make all these links yourself, as the BusyBox build system will do this
  51. for you when you run the 'make install' command.
  52. If you invoke BusyBox with no arguments, it will provide you with a list
  53. of the applets that have been compiled into your BusyBox binary.
  54. COMMON OPTIONS
  55. Most BusyBox applets support the --help argument to provide a terse
  56. runtime description of their behavior. If the
  57. CONFIG_FEATURE_VERBOSE_USAGE option has been enabled, more detailed
  58. usage information will also be available.
  59. COMMANDS
  60. Currently available applets include:
  61. [, [[, acpid, add-shell, addgroup, adduser, adjtimex, arch, arp,
  62. arping, ash, awk, base64, basename, beep, blkdiscard, blkid,
  63. blockdev, bootchartd, brctl, bunzip2, bzcat, bzip2, cal, cat, chat,
  64. chattr, chgrp, chmod, chown, chpasswd, chpst, chroot, chrt, chvt,
  65. cksum, clear, cmp, comm, conspy, cp, cpio, crond, crontab, cryptpw,
  66. cttyhack, cut, date, dc, dd, deallocvt, delgroup, deluser, depmod,
  67. devmem, df, dhcprelay, diff, dirname, dmesg, dnsd, dnsdomainname,
  68. dos2unix, dpkg, dpkg-deb, du, dumpkmap, dumpleases, echo, ed, egrep,
  69. eject, env, envdir, envuidgid, ether-wake, expand, expr, factor,
  70. fakeidentd, fallocate, false, fatattr, fbset, fbsplash, fdflush,
  71. fdformat, fdisk, fgconsole, fgrep, find, findfs, flock, fold, free,
  72. freeramdisk, fsck, fsck.minix, fsfreeze, fstrim, fsync, ftpd,
  73. ftpget, ftpput, fuser, getopt, getty, grep, groups, gunzip, gzip,
  74. halt, hd, hdparm, head, hexdump, hexedit, hostid, hostname, httpd,
  75. hush, hwclock, i2cdetect, i2cdump, i2cget, i2cset, id, ifconfig,
  76. ifdown, ifenslave, ifplugd, ifup, inetd, init, insmod, install,
  77. ionice, iostat, ip, ipaddr, ipcalc, ipcrm, ipcs, iplink, ipneigh,
  78. iproute, iprule, iptunnel, kbd_mode, kill, killall, killall5, klogd,
  79. last, less, link, linux32, linux64, linuxrc, ln, loadfont, loadkmap,
  80. logger, login, logname, logread, losetup, lpd, lpq, lpr, ls, lsattr,
  81. lsmod, lsof, lspci, lsscsi, lsusb, lzcat, lzma, lzop, makedevs,
  82. makemime, man, md5sum, mdev, mesg, microcom, mkdir, mkdosfs, mke2fs,
  83. mkfifo, mkfs.ext2, mkfs.minix, mkfs.vfat, mknod, mkpasswd, mkswap,
  84. mktemp, modinfo, modprobe, more, mount, mountpoint, mpstat, mt, mv,
  85. nameif, nanddump, nandwrite, nbd-client, nc, netstat, nice, nl,
  86. nmeter, nohup, nproc, nsenter, nslookup, ntpd, nuke, od, openvt,
  87. partprobe, passwd, paste, patch, pgrep, pidof, ping, ping6,
  88. pipe_progress, pivot_root, pkill, pmap, popmaildir, poweroff,
  89. powertop, printenv, printf, ps, pscan, pstree, pwd, pwdx,
  90. raidautorun, rdate, rdev, readahead, readlink, readprofile,
  91. realpath, reboot, reformime, remove-shell, renice, reset, resize,
  92. resume, rev, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, rpm, rpm2cpio, rtcwake,
  93. run-init, run-parts, runlevel, runsv, runsvdir, rx, script,
  94. scriptreplay, sed, sendmail, seq, setarch, setconsole, setfattr,
  95. setfont, setkeycodes, setlogcons, setpriv, setserial, setsid,
  96. setuidgid, sh, sha1sum, sha256sum, sha3sum, sha512sum, showkey,
  97. shred, shuf, slattach, sleep, smemcap, softlimit, sort, split,
  98. ssl_client, start-stop-daemon, stat, strings, stty, su, sulogin,
  99. sum, sv, svc, svlogd, swapoff, swapon, switch_root, sync, sysctl,
  100. syslogd, tac, tail, tar, taskset, tcpsvd, tee, telnet, telnetd,
  101. test, tftp, tftpd, time, timeout, top, touch, tr, traceroute,
  102. traceroute6, true, truncate, tty, ttysize, tunctl, ubiattach,
  103. ubidetach, ubimkvol, ubirename, ubirmvol, ubirsvol, ubiupdatevol,
  104. udhcpc, udhcpd, udpsvd, uevent, umount, uname, unexpand, uniq,
  105. unix2dos, unlink, unlzma, unshare, unxz, unzip, uptime, users,
  106. usleep, uudecode, uuencode, vconfig, vi, vlock, volname, w, wall,
  107. watch, watchdog, wc, wget, which, who, whoami, whois, xargs, xxd,
  108. xz, xzcat, yes, zcat, zcip
  109. COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS
  110. acpid
  111. acpid [-df] [-c CONFDIR] [-l LOGFILE] [-a ACTIONFILE] [-M MAPFILE]
  112. [-e PROC_EVENT_FILE] [-p PIDFILE]
  113. Listen to ACPI events and spawn specific helpers on event arrival
  114. -d Log to stderr, not log file (implies -f)
  115. -f Run in foreground
  116. -c DIR Config directory [/etc/acpi]
  117. -e FILE /proc event file [/proc/acpi/event]
  118. -l FILE Log file [/var/log/acpid.log]
  119. -p FILE Pid file [/var/run/acpid.pid]
  120. -a FILE Action file [/etc/acpid.conf]
  121. -M FILE Map file [/etc/acpi.map]
  122. Accept and ignore compatibility options -g -m -s -S -v
  123. add-shell
  124. add-shell SHELL...
  125. Add SHELLs to /etc/shells
  126. addgroup
  127. addgroup [-g GID] [-S] [USER] GROUP
  128. Add a group or add a user to a group
  129. -g GID Group id
  130. -S Create a system group
  131. adduser
  132. adduser [OPTIONS] USER [GROUP]
  133. Create new user, or add USER to GROUP
  134. -h DIR Home directory
  135. -g GECOS GECOS field
  136. -s SHELL Login shell
  137. -G GRP Group
  138. -S Create a system user
  139. -D Don't assign a password
  140. -H Don't create home directory
  141. -u UID User id
  142. -k SKEL Skeleton directory (/etc/skel)
  143. adjtimex
  144. adjtimex [-q] [-o OFF] [-f FREQ] [-p TCONST] [-t TICK]
  145. Read or set kernel time variables. See adjtimex(2)
  146. -q Quiet
  147. -o OFF Time offset, microseconds
  148. -f FREQ Frequency adjust, integer kernel units (65536 is 1ppm)
  149. -t TICK Microseconds per tick, usually 10000
  150. (positive -t or -f values make clock run faster)
  151. -p TCONST
  152. arch
  153. arch
  154. Print system architecture
  155. arp arp [-vn] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -a [HOSTNAME] [-v] [-i IF] -d HOSTNAME
  156. [pub] [-v] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -s HOSTNAME HWADDR [temp] [-v] [-H
  157. HWTYPE] [-i IF] -s HOSTNAME HWADDR [netmask MASK] pub [-v] [-H
  158. HWTYPE] [-i IF] -Ds HOSTNAME IFACE [netmask MASK] pub
  159. Manipulate ARP cache
  160. -a Display (all) hosts
  161. -d Delete ARP entry
  162. -s Set new entry
  163. -v Verbose
  164. -n Don't resolve names
  165. -i IF Network interface
  166. -D Read HWADDR from IFACE
  167. -A,-p AF Protocol family
  168. -H HWTYPE Hardware address type
  169. arping
  170. arping [-fqbDUA] [-c CNT] [-w TIMEOUT] [-I IFACE] [-s SRC_IP] DST_IP
  171. Send ARP requests/replies
  172. -f Quit on first ARP reply
  173. -q Quiet
  174. -b Keep broadcasting, don't go unicast
  175. -D Exit with 1 if DST_IP replies
  176. -U Unsolicited ARP mode, update your neighbors
  177. -A ARP answer mode, update your neighbors
  178. -c N Stop after sending N ARP requests
  179. -w TIMEOUT Seconds to wait for ARP reply
  180. -I IFACE Interface to use (default eth0)
  181. -s SRC_IP Sender IP address
  182. DST_IP Target IP address
  183. ash ash [-/+OPTIONS] [-/+o OPT]... [-c 'SCRIPT' [ARG0 [ARGS]] / FILE
  184. [ARGS]]
  185. Unix shell interpreter
  186. awk awk [OPTIONS] [AWK_PROGRAM] [FILE]...
  187. -v VAR=VAL Set variable
  188. -F SEP Use SEP as field separator
  189. -f FILE Read program from FILE
  190. -e AWK_PROGRAM
  191. base64
  192. base64 [-d] [FILE]
  193. Base64 encode or decode FILE to standard output -d Decode data
  194. basename
  195. basename FILE [SUFFIX]
  196. Strip directory path and .SUFFIX from FILE
  197. beep
  198. beep -f FREQ -l LEN -d DELAY -r COUNT -n
  199. -f Frequency in Hz
  200. -l Length in ms
  201. -d Delay in ms
  202. -r Repetitions
  203. -n Start new tone
  204. blkdiscard
  205. blkdiscard [-o OFS] [-l LEN] [-s] DEVICE
  206. Discard sectors on DEVICE
  207. -o OFS Byte offset into device
  208. -l LEN Number of bytes to discard
  209. -s Perform a secure discard
  210. blkid
  211. blkid [BLOCKDEV]...
  212. Print UUIDs of all filesystems
  213. blockdev
  214. blockdev OPTION BLOCKDEV
  215. --setro Set ro
  216. --setrw Set rw
  217. --getro Get ro
  218. --getss Get sector size
  219. --getbsz Get block size
  220. --setbsz BYTES Set block size
  221. --getsz Get device size in 512-byte sectors
  222. --getsize64 Get device size in bytes
  223. --flushbufs Flush buffers
  224. --rereadpt Reread partition table
  225. bootchartd
  226. bootchartd start [PROG ARGS]|stop|init
  227. Create /var/log/bootchart.tgz with boot chart data
  228. start: start background logging; with PROG, run PROG, then kill
  229. logging with USR1 stop: send USR1 to all bootchartd processes init:
  230. start background logging; stop when getty/xdm is seen (for init
  231. scripts) Under PID 1: as init, then exec $bootchart_init, /init,
  232. /sbin/init
  233. brctl
  234. brctl COMMAND [BRIDGE [INTERFACE]]
  235. Manage ethernet bridges
  236. Commands:
  237. show Show a list of bridges
  238. addbr BRIDGE Create BRIDGE
  239. delbr BRIDGE Delete BRIDGE
  240. addif BRIDGE IFACE Add IFACE to BRIDGE
  241. delif BRIDGE IFACE Delete IFACE from BRIDGE
  242. setageing BRIDGE TIME Set ageing time
  243. setfd BRIDGE TIME Set bridge forward delay
  244. sethello BRIDGE TIME Set hello time
  245. setmaxage BRIDGE TIME Set max message age
  246. setpathcost BRIDGE COST Set path cost
  247. setportprio BRIDGE PRIO Set port priority
  248. setbridgeprio BRIDGE PRIO Set bridge priority
  249. stp BRIDGE [1/yes/on|0/no/off] STP on/off
  250. bunzip2
  251. bunzip2 [-cfk] [FILE]...
  252. Decompress FILEs (or stdin)
  253. -c Write to stdout
  254. -f Force
  255. -k Keep input files
  256. bzcat
  257. bzcat [FILE]...
  258. Decompress to stdout
  259. bzip2
  260. bzip2 [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
  261. Compress FILEs (or stdin) with bzip2 algorithm
  262. -1..9 Compression level
  263. -d Decompress
  264. -t Test file integrity
  265. -c Write to stdout
  266. -f Force
  267. -k Keep input files
  268. cal cal [-jy] [[MONTH] YEAR]
  269. Display a calendar
  270. -j Use julian dates
  271. -y Display the entire year
  272. cat cat [-nbvteA] [FILE]...
  273. Print FILEs to stdout
  274. -n Number output lines
  275. -b Number nonempty lines
  276. -v Show nonprinting characters as ^x or M-x
  277. -t ...and tabs as ^I
  278. -e ...and end lines with $
  279. -A Same as -vte
  280. chat
  281. chat EXPECT [SEND [EXPECT [SEND...]]]
  282. Useful for interacting with a modem connected to stdin/stdout. A
  283. script consists of "expect-send" argument pairs. Example:
  284. chat '' ATZ OK ATD123456 CONNECT '' ogin: pppuser word: ppppass '~'
  285. chattr
  286. chattr [-R] [-v VERSION] [-+=AacDdijsStTu] FILE...
  287. Change ext2 file attributes
  288. -R Recurse
  289. -v VER Set version/generation number
  290. Modifiers:
  291. -,+,= Remove/add/set attributes
  292. Attributes:
  293. A Don't track atime
  294. a Append mode only
  295. c Enable compress
  296. D Write dir contents synchronously
  297. d Don't backup with dump
  298. i Cannot be modified (immutable)
  299. j Write all data to journal first
  300. s Zero disk storage when deleted
  301. S Write synchronously
  302. t Disable tail-merging of partial blocks with other files
  303. u Allow file to be undeleted
  304. chgrp
  305. chgrp [-RhLHPcvf]... GROUP FILE...
  306. Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP
  307. -R Recurse
  308. -h Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets
  309. -L Traverse all symlinks to directories
  310. -H Traverse symlinks on command line only
  311. -P Don't traverse symlinks (default)
  312. -c List changed files
  313. -v Verbose
  314. -f Hide errors
  315. chmod
  316. chmod [-Rcvf] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
  317. Each MODE is one or more of the letters ugoa, one of the symbols +-=
  318. and one or more of the letters rwxst
  319. -R Recurse
  320. -c List changed files
  321. -v List all files
  322. -f Hide errors
  323. chown
  324. chown [-RhLHPcvf]... USER[:[GRP]] FILE...
  325. Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to USER and/or GRP
  326. -R Recurse
  327. -h Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets
  328. -L Traverse all symlinks to directories
  329. -H Traverse symlinks on command line only
  330. -P Don't traverse symlinks (default)
  331. -c List changed files
  332. -v List all files
  333. -f Hide errors
  334. chpasswd
  335. chpasswd [--md5|--encrypted|--crypt-method]
  336. Read user:password from stdin and update /etc/passwd
  337. -e,--encrypted Supplied passwords are in encrypted form
  338. -m,--md5 Eencrypt using md5, not des
  339. -c,--crypt-method ALG des,md5,sha256/512 (default des)
  340. chpst
  341. chpst [-vP012] [-u USER[:GRP]] [-U USER[:GRP]] [-e DIR] [-/ DIR] [-n
  342. NICE] [-m BYTES] [-d BYTES] [-o N] [-p N] [-f BYTES] [-c BYTES] PROG
  343. ARGS
  344. Change the process state, run PROG
  345. -u USER[:GRP] Set uid and gid
  346. -U USER[:GRP] Set $UID and $GID in environment
  347. -e DIR Set environment variables as specified by files
  348. in DIR: file=1st_line_of_file
  349. -/ DIR Chroot to DIR
  350. -n NICE Add NICE to nice value
  351. -m BYTES Same as -d BYTES -s BYTES -l BYTES
  352. -d BYTES Limit data segment
  353. -o N Limit number of open files per process
  354. -p N Limit number of processes per uid
  355. -f BYTES Limit output file sizes
  356. -c BYTES Limit core file size
  357. -v Verbose
  358. -P Create new process group
  359. -0 Close stdin
  360. -1 Close stdout
  361. -2 Close stderr
  362. chroot
  363. chroot NEWROOT [PROG ARGS]
  364. Run PROG with root directory set to NEWROOT
  365. chrt
  366. chrt [-prfom] [PRIO] [PID | PROG ARGS]
  367. Change scheduling priority and class for a process
  368. -p Operate on PID
  369. -r Set SCHED_RR class
  370. -f Set SCHED_FIFO class
  371. -o Set SCHED_OTHER class
  372. -m Show min/max priorities
  373. chvt
  374. chvt N
  375. Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN
  376. cksum
  377. cksum FILE...
  378. Calculate the CRC32 checksums of FILEs
  379. clear
  380. clear
  381. Clear screen
  382. cmp cmp [-l] [-s] FILE1 [FILE2 [SKIP1 [SKIP2]]]
  383. Compare FILE1 with FILE2 (or stdin)
  384. -l Write the byte numbers (decimal) and values (octal)
  385. for all differing bytes
  386. -s Quiet
  387. comm
  388. comm [-123] FILE1 FILE2
  389. Compare FILE1 with FILE2
  390. -1 Suppress lines unique to FILE1
  391. -2 Suppress lines unique to FILE2
  392. -3 Suppress lines common to both files
  393. conspy
  394. conspy [-vcsndfFQ] [-x COL] [-y LINE] [CONSOLE_NO]
  395. A text-mode VNC like program for Linux virtual consoles. To exit,
  396. quickly press ESC 3 times.
  397. -v Don't send keystrokes to the console
  398. -c Create missing /dev/{tty,vcsa}N
  399. -s Open a SHELL session
  400. -n Black & white
  401. -d Dump console to stdout
  402. -f Follow cursor
  403. -F Assume console is on a framebuffer device
  404. -Q Disable exit on ESC-ESC-ESC
  405. -x COL Starting column
  406. -y LINE Starting line
  407. cp cp [OPTIONS] SOURCE... DEST
  408. Copy SOURCE(s) to DEST
  409. -a Same as -dpR
  410. -R,-r Recurse
  411. -d,-P Preserve symlinks (default if -R)
  412. -L Follow all symlinks
  413. -H Follow symlinks on command line
  414. -p Preserve file attributes if possible
  415. -f Overwrite
  416. -i Prompt before overwrite
  417. -l,-s Create (sym)links
  418. -T Treat DEST as a normal file
  419. -u Copy only newer files
  420. cpio
  421. cpio [-dmvu] [-F FILE] [-R USER[:GRP]] [-H newc] [-tio] [-p DIR]
  422. [EXTR_FILE]...
  423. Extract (-i) or list (-t) files from a cpio archive, or take file
  424. list from stdin and create an archive (-o) or copy files (-p)
  425. Main operation mode:
  426. -t List
  427. -i Extract EXTR_FILEs (or all)
  428. -o Create (requires -H newc)
  429. -p DIR Copy files to DIR
  430. Options:
  431. -d Make leading directories
  432. -m Preserve mtime
  433. -v Verbose
  434. -u Overwrite
  435. -F FILE Input (-t,-i,-p) or output (-o) file
  436. -R USER[:GRP] Set owner of created files
  437. -H newc Archive format
  438. crond
  439. crond -fbS -l N -d N -L LOGFILE -c DIR
  440. -f Foreground
  441. -b Background (default)
  442. -S Log to syslog (default)
  443. -l N Set log level. Most verbose 0, default 8
  444. -d N Set log level, log to stderr
  445. -L FILE Log to FILE
  446. -c DIR Cron dir. Default:/var/spool/cron/crontabs
  447. crontab
  448. crontab [-c DIR] [-u USER] [-ler]|[FILE]
  449. -c Crontab directory
  450. -u User
  451. -l List crontab
  452. -e Edit crontab
  453. -r Delete crontab
  454. FILE Replace crontab by FILE ('-': stdin)
  455. cryptpw
  456. cryptpw [OPTIONS] [PASSWORD] [SALT]
  457. Print crypt(3) hashed PASSWORD
  458. -P,--password-fd N Read password from fd N
  459. -m,--method TYPE des,md5,sha256/512 (default des)
  460. -S,--salt SALT
  461. cttyhack
  462. cttyhack [PROG ARGS]
  463. Give PROG a controlling tty if possible. Example for /etc/inittab
  464. (for busybox init): ::respawn:/bin/cttyhack /bin/sh Giving
  465. controlling tty to shell running with PID 1: $ exec cttyhack sh
  466. Starting interactive shell from boot shell script:
  467. setsid cttyhack sh
  468. cut cut [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
  469. Print selected fields from each input FILE to stdout
  470. -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
  471. -c LIST Output only characters from LIST
  472. -d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter
  473. -s Output only the lines containing delimiter
  474. -f N Print only these fields
  475. -n Ignored
  476. date
  477. date [OPTIONS] [+FMT] [TIME]
  478. Display time (using +FMT), or set time
  479. [-s,--set] TIME Set time to TIME
  480. -u,--utc Work in UTC (don't convert to local time)
  481. -R,--rfc-2822 Output RFC-2822 compliant date string
  482. -I[SPEC] Output ISO-8601 compliant date string
  483. SPEC='date' (default) for date only,
  484. 'hours', 'minutes', or 'seconds' for date and
  485. time to the indicated precision
  486. -r,--reference FILE Display last modification time of FILE
  487. -d,--date TIME Display TIME, not 'now'
  488. -D FMT Use FMT for -d TIME conversion
  489. Recognized TIME formats:
  490. hh:mm[:ss]
  491. [YYYY.]MM.DD-hh:mm[:ss]
  492. YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm[:ss]
  493. [[[[[YY]YY]MM]DD]hh]mm[.ss]
  494. 'date TIME' form accepts MMDDhhmm[[YY]YY][.ss] instead
  495. dc dc EXPRESSION...
  496. Tiny RPN calculator. Operations: +, add, -, sub, *, mul, /, div, %,
  497. mod, **, exp, and, or, not, xor, p - print top of the stack (without
  498. popping), f - print entire stack, o - pop the value and set output
  499. radix (must be 10, 16, 8 or 2). Examples: 'dc 2 2 add p' -> 4, 'dc 8
  500. 8 mul 2 2 + / p' -> 16
  501. dd dd [if=FILE] [of=FILE] [ibs=N] [obs=N] [bs=N] [count=N] [skip=N]
  502. [seek=N] [conv=notrunc|noerror|sync|fsync] [iflag=skip_bytes]
  503. Copy a file with converting and formatting
  504. if=FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin
  505. of=FILE Write to FILE instead of stdout
  506. bs=N Read and write N bytes at a time
  507. ibs=N Read N bytes at a time
  508. obs=N Write N bytes at a time
  509. count=N Copy only N input blocks
  510. skip=N Skip N input blocks
  511. seek=N Skip N output blocks
  512. conv=notrunc Don't truncate output file
  513. conv=noerror Continue after read errors
  514. conv=sync Pad blocks with zeros
  515. conv=fsync Physically write data out before finishing
  516. conv=swab Swap every pair of bytes
  517. iflag=skip_bytes skip=N is in bytes
  518. status=noxfer Suppress rate output
  519. status=none Suppress all output
  520. N may be suffixed by c (1), w (2), b (512), kB (1000), k (1024), MB,
  521. M, GB, G
  522. deallocvt
  523. deallocvt [N]
  524. Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN
  525. delgroup
  526. delgroup [USER] GROUP
  527. Delete group GROUP from the system or user USER from group GROUP
  528. deluser
  529. deluser [--remove-home] USER
  530. Delete USER from the system
  531. depmod
  532. depmod [-n]
  533. Generate modules.dep.bb
  534. -n Dry run: print file to stdout
  535. devmem
  536. devmem ADDRESS [WIDTH [VALUE]]
  537. Read/write from physical address
  538. ADDRESS Address to act upon
  539. WIDTH Width (8/16/...)
  540. VALUE Data to be written
  541. df df [-PkmhTai] [-B SIZE] [FILESYSTEM]...
  542. Print filesystem usage statistics
  543. -P POSIX output format
  544. -k 1024-byte blocks (default)
  545. -m 1M-byte blocks
  546. -h Human readable (e.g. 1K 243M 2G)
  547. -T Print filesystem type
  548. -a Show all filesystems
  549. -i Inodes
  550. -B SIZE Blocksize
  551. dhcprelay
  552. dhcprelay CLIENT_IFACE[,CLIENT_IFACE2]... SERVER_IFACE [SERVER_IP]
  553. Relay DHCP requests between clients and server
  554. diff
  555. diff [-abBdiNqrTstw] [-L LABEL] [-S FILE] [-U LINES] FILE1 FILE2
  556. Compare files line by line and output the differences between them.
  557. This implementation supports unified diffs only.
  558. -a Treat all files as text
  559. -b Ignore changes in the amount of whitespace
  560. -B Ignore changes whose lines are all blank
  561. -d Try hard to find a smaller set of changes
  562. -i Ignore case differences
  563. -L Use LABEL instead of the filename in the unified header
  564. -N Treat absent files as empty
  565. -q Output only whether files differ
  566. -r Recurse
  567. -S Start with FILE when comparing directories
  568. -T Make tabs line up by prefixing a tab when necessary
  569. -s Report when two files are the same
  570. -t Expand tabs to spaces in output
  571. -U Output LINES lines of context
  572. -w Ignore all whitespace
  573. dirname
  574. dirname FILENAME
  575. Strip non-directory suffix from FILENAME
  576. dmesg
  577. dmesg [-c] [-n LEVEL] [-s SIZE]
  578. Print or control the kernel ring buffer
  579. -c Clear ring buffer after printing
  580. -n LEVEL Set console logging level
  581. -s SIZE Buffer size
  582. -r Print raw message buffer
  583. dnsd
  584. dnsd [-dvs] [-c CONFFILE] [-t TTL_SEC] [-p PORT] [-i ADDR]
  585. Small static DNS server daemon
  586. -c FILE Config file
  587. -t SEC TTL
  588. -p PORT Listen on PORT
  589. -i ADDR Listen on ADDR
  590. -d Daemonize
  591. -v Verbose
  592. -s Send successful replies only. Use this if you want
  593. to use /etc/resolv.conf with two nameserver lines:
  594. nameserver DNSD_SERVER
  595. nameserver NORMAL_DNS_SERVER
  596. dos2unix
  597. dos2unix [-ud] [FILE]
  598. Convert FILE in-place from DOS to Unix format. When no file is
  599. given, use stdin/stdout.
  600. -u dos2unix
  601. -d unix2dos
  602. dpkg
  603. dpkg [-ilCPru] [-F OPT] PACKAGE
  604. Install, remove and manage Debian packages
  605. -i,--install Install the package
  606. -l,--list List of installed packages
  607. --configure Configure an unpackaged package
  608. -P,--purge Purge all files of a package
  609. -r,--remove Remove all but the configuration files for a package
  610. --unpack Unpack a package, but don't configure it
  611. --force-depends Ignore dependency problems
  612. --force-confnew Overwrite existing config files when installing
  613. --force-confold Keep old config files when installing
  614. dpkg-deb
  615. dpkg-deb [-cefxX] FILE [DIR]
  616. Perform actions on Debian packages (.deb)
  617. -c List files
  618. -f Print control fields
  619. -e Extract control files to DIR (default: ./DEBIAN)
  620. -x Extract files to DIR (no default)
  621. -X Verbose -x
  622. du du [-aHLdclsxhmk] [FILE]...
  623. Summarize disk space used for each FILE and/or directory
  624. -a Show file sizes too
  625. -L Follow all symlinks
  626. -H Follow symlinks on command line
  627. -d N Limit output to directories (and files with -a) of depth < N
  628. -c Show grand total
  629. -l Count sizes many times if hard linked
  630. -s Display only a total for each argument
  631. -x Skip directories on different filesystems
  632. -h Sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G)
  633. -m Sizes in megabytes
  634. -k Sizes in kilobytes (default)
  635. dumpkmap
  636. dumpkmap > keymap
  637. Print a binary keyboard translation table to stdout
  638. dumpleases
  639. dumpleases [-r|-a] [-d] [-f LEASEFILE]
  640. Display DHCP leases granted by udhcpd
  641. -f,--file FILE Lease file
  642. -r,--remaining Show remaining time
  643. -a,--absolute Show expiration time
  644. -d,--decimal Show time in seconds
  645. echo
  646. echo [-neE] [ARG]...
  647. Print the specified ARGs to stdout
  648. -n Suppress trailing newline
  649. -e Interpret backslash escapes (i.e., \t=tab)
  650. -E Don't interpret backslash escapes (default)
  651. ed ed [FILE]
  652. eject
  653. eject [-t] [-T] [DEVICE]
  654. Eject DEVICE or default /dev/cdrom
  655. -s SCSI device
  656. -t Close tray
  657. -T Open/close tray (toggle)
  658. env env [-iu] [-] [name=value]... [PROG ARGS]
  659. Print the current environment or run PROG after setting up the
  660. specified environment
  661. -, -i Start with an empty environment
  662. -u Remove variable from the environment
  663. envdir
  664. envdir DIR PROG ARGS
  665. Set various environment variables as specified by files in the
  666. directory DIR, run PROG
  667. envuidgid
  668. envuidgid USER PROG ARGS
  669. Set $UID to USER's uid and $GID to USER's gid, run PROG
  670. ether-wake
  671. ether-wake [-b] [-i IFACE] [-p aa:bb:cc:dd[:ee:ff]/a.b.c.d] MAC
  672. Send a magic packet to wake up sleeping machines. MAC must be a
  673. station address (00:11:22:33:44:55) or a hostname with a known
  674. 'ethers' entry.
  675. -b Broadcast the packet
  676. -i IFACE Interface to use (default eth0)
  677. -p PASSWORD Append four or six byte PASSWORD to the packet
  678. expand
  679. expand [-i] [-t N] [FILE]...
  680. Convert tabs to spaces, writing to stdout
  681. -i Don't convert tabs after non blanks
  682. -t Tabstops every N chars
  683. expr
  684. expr EXPRESSION
  685. Print the value of EXPRESSION to stdout
  686. EXPRESSION may be:
  687. ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2
  688. ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
  689. ARG1 < ARG2 1 if ARG1 is less than ARG2, else 0. Similarly:
  690. ARG1 <= ARG2
  691. ARG1 = ARG2
  692. ARG1 != ARG2
  693. ARG1 >= ARG2
  694. ARG1 > ARG2
  695. ARG1 + ARG2 Sum of ARG1 and ARG2. Similarly:
  696. ARG1 - ARG2
  697. ARG1 * ARG2
  698. ARG1 / ARG2
  699. ARG1 % ARG2
  700. STRING : REGEXP Anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING
  701. match STRING REGEXP Same as STRING : REGEXP
  702. substr STRING POS LENGTH Substring of STRING, POS counted from 1
  703. index STRING CHARS Index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0
  704. length STRING Length of STRING
  705. quote TOKEN Interpret TOKEN as a string, even if
  706. it is a keyword like 'match' or an
  707. operator like '/'
  708. (EXPRESSION) Value of EXPRESSION
  709. Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.
  710. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else
  711. lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between
  712. \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number
  713. of characters matched or 0.
  714. factor
  715. factor [NUMBER]...
  716. Print prime factors
  717. fakeidentd
  718. fakeidentd [-fiw] [-b ADDR] [STRING]
  719. Provide fake ident (auth) service
  720. -f Run in foreground
  721. -i Inetd mode
  722. -w Inetd 'wait' mode
  723. -b ADDR Bind to specified address
  724. STRING Ident answer string (default: nobody)
  725. fallocate
  726. fallocate [-o OFS] -l LEN FILE
  727. Preallocate space for FILE
  728. -o OFS Offset of range
  729. -l LEN Length of range
  730. fatattr
  731. fatattr [-+rhsvda] FILE...
  732. Change file attributes on FAT filesystem
  733. - Clear attributes
  734. + Set attributes
  735. r Read only
  736. h Hidden
  737. s System
  738. v Volume label
  739. d Directory
  740. a Archive
  741. fbset
  742. fbset [OPTIONS] [MODE]
  743. Show and modify frame buffer settings
  744. fbsplash
  745. fbsplash -s IMGFILE [-c] [-d DEV] [-i INIFILE] [-f CMD]
  746. -s Image
  747. -c Hide cursor
  748. -d Framebuffer device (default /dev/fb0)
  749. -i Config file (var=value):
  750. BAR_LEFT,BAR_TOP,BAR_WIDTH,BAR_HEIGHT
  751. BAR_R,BAR_G,BAR_B
  752. -f Control pipe (else exit after drawing image)
  753. commands: 'NN' (% for progress bar) or 'exit'
  754. fdflush
  755. fdflush DEVICE
  756. Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change
  757. fdformat
  758. fdformat [-n] DEVICE
  759. Format floppy disk
  760. -n Don't verify after format
  761. fdisk
  762. fdisk [-ul] [-C CYLINDERS] [-H HEADS] [-S SECTORS] [-b SSZ] DISK
  763. Change partition table
  764. -u Start and End are in sectors (instead of cylinders)
  765. -l Show partition table for each DISK, then exit
  766. -b 2048 (for certain MO disks) use 2048-byte sectors
  767. -C CYLINDERS Set number of cylinders/heads/sectors
  768. -H HEADS Typically 255
  769. -S SECTORS Typically 63
  770. fgconsole
  771. fgconsole
  772. Get active console
  773. find
  774. find [-HL] [PATH]... [OPTIONS] [ACTIONS]
  775. Search for files and perform actions on them. First failed action
  776. stops processing of current file. Defaults: PATH is current
  777. directory, action is '-print'
  778. -L,-follow Follow symlinks
  779. -H ...on command line only
  780. -xdev Don't descend directories on other filesystems
  781. -maxdepth N Descend at most N levels. -maxdepth 0 applies
  782. actions to command line arguments only
  783. -mindepth N Don't act on first N levels
  784. -depth Act on directory *after* traversing it
  785. Actions:
  786. ( ACTIONS ) Group actions for -o / -a
  787. ! ACT Invert ACT's success/failure
  788. ACT1 [-a] ACT2 If ACT1 fails, stop, else do ACT2
  789. ACT1 -o ACT2 If ACT1 succeeds, stop, else do ACT2
  790. Note: -a has higher priority than -o
  791. -name PATTERN Match file name (w/o directory name) to PATTERN
  792. -iname PATTERN Case insensitive -name
  793. -path PATTERN Match path to PATTERN
  794. -ipath PATTERN Case insensitive -path
  795. -regex PATTERN Match path to regex PATTERN
  796. -type X File type is X (one of: f,d,l,b,c,...)
  797. -perm MASK At least one mask bit (+MASK), all bits (-MASK),
  798. or exactly MASK bits are set in file's mode
  799. -mtime DAYS mtime is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
  800. or exactly N days in the past
  801. -mmin MINS mtime is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
  802. or exactly N minutes in the past
  803. -newer FILE mtime is more recent than FILE's
  804. -inum N File has inode number N
  805. -user NAME/ID File is owned by given user
  806. -group NAME/ID File is owned by given group
  807. -size N[bck] File size is N (c:bytes,k:kbytes,b:512 bytes(def.))
  808. +/-N: file size is bigger/smaller than N
  809. -links N Number of links is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
  810. or exactly N
  811. -prune If current file is directory, don't descend into it
  812. If none of the following actions is specified, -print is assumed
  813. -print Print file name
  814. -print0 Print file name, NUL terminated
  815. -exec CMD ARG ; Run CMD with all instances of {} replaced by
  816. file name. Fails if CMD exits with nonzero
  817. -exec CMD ARG + Run CMD with {} replaced by list of file names
  818. -delete Delete current file/directory. Turns on -depth option
  819. findfs
  820. findfs LABEL=label or UUID=uuid
  821. Find a filesystem device based on a label or UUID
  822. flock
  823. flock [-sxun] FD|{FILE [-c] PROG ARGS}
  824. [Un]lock file descriptor, or lock FILE, run PROG
  825. -s Shared lock
  826. -x Exclusive lock (default)
  827. -u Unlock FD
  828. -n Fail rather than wait
  829. fold
  830. fold [-bs] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]...
  831. Wrap input lines in each FILE (or stdin), writing to stdout
  832. -b Count bytes rather than columns
  833. -s Break at spaces
  834. -w Use WIDTH columns instead of 80
  835. free
  836. free [-b/k/m/g]
  837. Display the amount of free and used system memory
  838. freeramdisk
  839. freeramdisk DEVICE
  840. Free all memory used by the specified ramdisk
  841. fsck
  842. fsck [-ANPRTV] [-t FSTYPE] [FS_OPTS] [BLOCKDEV]...
  843. Check and repair filesystems
  844. -A Walk /etc/fstab and check all filesystems
  845. -N Don't execute, just show what would be done
  846. -P With -A, check filesystems in parallel
  847. -R With -A, skip the root filesystem
  848. -T Don't show title on startup
  849. -V Verbose
  850. -t TYPE List of filesystem types to check
  851. fsck.minix
  852. fsck.minix [-larvsmf] BLOCKDEV
  853. Check MINIX filesystem
  854. -l List all filenames
  855. -r Perform interactive repairs
  856. -a Perform automatic repairs
  857. -v Verbose
  858. -s Output superblock information
  859. -m Show "mode not cleared" warnings
  860. -f Force file system check
  861. fsfreeze
  862. fsfreeze --[un]freeze MOUNTPOINT
  863. Flush and halt writes to MOUNTPOINT
  864. fstrim
  865. fstrim [OPTIONS] MOUNTPOINT
  866. -o,--offset OFFSET Offset in bytes to discard from
  867. -l,--length LEN Bytes to discard
  868. -m,--minimum MIN Minimum extent length
  869. -v,--verbose Print number of discarded bytes
  870. fsync
  871. fsync [-d] FILE...
  872. Write files' buffered blocks to disk
  873. -d Avoid syncing metadata
  874. ftpd
  875. ftpd [-wvS] [-a USER] [-t N] [-T N] [DIR]
  876. FTP server. Chroots to DIR, if this fails (run by non-root), cds to
  877. it. Should be used as inetd service, inetd.conf line: 21 stream tcp
  878. nowait root ftpd ftpd /files/to/serve Can be run from tcpsvd:
  879. tcpsvd -vE 0.0.0.0 21 ftpd /files/to/serve
  880. -w Allow upload
  881. -a USER Enable 'anonymous' login and map it to USER
  882. -v Log errors to stderr. -vv: verbose log
  883. -S Log errors to syslog. -SS: verbose log
  884. -t,-T N Idle and absolute timeout
  885. ftpget
  886. ftpget [OPTIONS] HOST [LOCAL_FILE] REMOTE_FILE
  887. Download a file via FTP
  888. -c Continue previous transfer
  889. -v Verbose
  890. -u USER Username
  891. -p PASS Password
  892. -P NUM Port
  893. ftpput
  894. ftpput [OPTIONS] HOST [REMOTE_FILE] LOCAL_FILE
  895. Upload a file to a FTP server
  896. -v Verbose
  897. -u USER Username
  898. -p PASS Password
  899. -P NUM Port number
  900. fuser
  901. fuser [OPTIONS] FILE or PORT/PROTO
  902. Find processes which use FILEs or PORTs
  903. -m Find processes which use same fs as FILEs
  904. -4,-6 Search only IPv4/IPv6 space
  905. -s Don't display PIDs
  906. -k Kill found processes
  907. -SIGNAL Signal to send (default: KILL)
  908. getopt
  909. getopt [OPTIONS] [--] OPTSTRING PARAMS
  910. -a Allow long options starting with single -
  911. -l LOPT[,...] Long options to recognize
  912. -n PROGNAME The name under which errors are reported
  913. -o OPTSTRING Short options to recognize
  914. -q No error messages on unrecognized options
  915. -Q No normal output
  916. -s SHELL Set shell quoting conventions
  917. -T Version test (exits with 4)
  918. -u Don't quote output
  919. Example:
  920. O=`getopt -l bb: -- ab:c:: "$@"` || exit 1 eval set -- "$O" while
  921. true; do case "$1" in -a) echo A; shift;; -b|--bb) echo "B:'$2'";
  922. shift 2;; -c) case "$2" in "") echo C; shift 2;; *) echo "C:'$2'";
  923. shift 2;; esac;; --) shift; break;; *) echo Error; exit 1;; esac
  924. done
  925. getty
  926. getty [OPTIONS] BAUD_RATE[,BAUD_RATE]... TTY [TERMTYPE]
  927. Open TTY, prompt for login name, then invoke /bin/login
  928. -h Enable hardware RTS/CTS flow control
  929. -L Set CLOCAL (ignore Carrier Detect state)
  930. -m Get baud rate from modem's CONNECT status message
  931. -n Don't prompt for login name
  932. -w Wait for CR or LF before sending /etc/issue
  933. -i Don't display /etc/issue
  934. -f ISSUE_FILE Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue
  935. -l LOGIN Invoke LOGIN instead of /bin/login
  936. -t SEC Terminate after SEC if no login name is read
  937. -I INITSTR Send INITSTR before anything else
  938. -H HOST Log HOST into the utmp file as the hostname
  939. BAUD_RATE of 0 leaves it unchanged
  940. grep
  941. grep [-HhnlLoqvsriwFE] [-m N] [-A/B/C N] PATTERN/-e PATTERN.../-f
  942. FILE [FILE]...
  943. Search for PATTERN in FILEs (or stdin)
  944. -H Add 'filename:' prefix
  945. -h Do not add 'filename:' prefix
  946. -n Add 'line_no:' prefix
  947. -l Show only names of files that match
  948. -L Show only names of files that don't match
  949. -c Show only count of matching lines
  950. -o Show only the matching part of line
  951. -q Quiet. Return 0 if PATTERN is found, 1 otherwise
  952. -v Select non-matching lines
  953. -s Suppress open and read errors
  954. -r Recurse
  955. -i Ignore case
  956. -w Match whole words only
  957. -x Match whole lines only
  958. -F PATTERN is a literal (not regexp)
  959. -E PATTERN is an extended regexp
  960. -m N Match up to N times per file
  961. -A N Print N lines of trailing context
  962. -B N Print N lines of leading context
  963. -C N Same as '-A N -B N'
  964. -e PTRN Pattern to match
  965. -f FILE Read pattern from file
  966. groups
  967. groups [USER]
  968. Print the group memberships of USER or for the current process
  969. gunzip
  970. gunzip [-cfkt] [FILE]...
  971. Decompress FILEs (or stdin)
  972. -c Write to stdout
  973. -f Force
  974. -k Keep input files
  975. -t Test file integrity
  976. gzip
  977. gzip [-cfkdt] [FILE]...
  978. Compress FILEs (or stdin)
  979. -d Decompress
  980. -t Test file integrity
  981. -c Write to stdout
  982. -f Force
  983. -k Keep input files
  984. halt
  985. halt [-d DELAY] [-n] [-f] [-w]
  986. Halt the system
  987. -d SEC Delay interval
  988. -n Do not sync
  989. -f Force (don't go through init)
  990. -w Only write a wtmp record
  991. hd hd FILE...
  992. hd is an alias for hexdump -C
  993. hdparm
  994. hdparm [OPTIONS] [DEVICE]
  995. -a Get/set fs readahead
  996. -A Set drive read-lookahead flag (0/1)
  997. -b Get/set bus state (0 == off, 1 == on, 2 == tristate)
  998. -B Set Advanced Power Management setting (1-255)
  999. -c Get/set IDE 32-bit IO setting
  1000. -C Check IDE power mode status
  1001. -d Get/set using_dma flag
  1002. -D Enable/disable drive defect-mgmt
  1003. -f Flush buffer cache for device on exit
  1004. -g Display drive geometry
  1005. -h Display terse usage information
  1006. -i Display drive identification
  1007. -I Detailed/current information directly from drive
  1008. -k Get/set keep_settings_over_reset flag (0/1)
  1009. -K Set drive keep_features_over_reset flag (0/1)
  1010. -L Set drive doorlock (0/1) (removable harddisks only)
  1011. -m Get/set multiple sector count
  1012. -n Get/set ignore-write-errors flag (0/1)
  1013. -p Set PIO mode on IDE interface chipset (0,1,2,3,4,...)
  1014. -P Set drive prefetch count
  1015. -Q Get/set DMA tagged-queuing depth (if supported)
  1016. -r Get/set readonly flag (DANGEROUS to set)
  1017. -R Register an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)
  1018. -S Set standby (spindown) timeout
  1019. -t Perform device read timings
  1020. -T Perform cache read timings
  1021. -u Get/set unmaskirq flag (0/1)
  1022. -U Unregister an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)
  1023. -v Defaults; same as -mcudkrag for IDE drives
  1024. -V Display program version and exit immediately
  1025. -w Perform device reset (DANGEROUS)
  1026. -W Set drive write-caching flag (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
  1027. -x Tristate device for hotswap (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
  1028. -X Set IDE xfer mode (DANGEROUS)
  1029. -y Put IDE drive in standby mode
  1030. -Y Put IDE drive to sleep
  1031. -Z Disable Seagate auto-powersaving mode
  1032. -z Reread partition table
  1033. head
  1034. head [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
  1035. Print first 10 lines of each FILE (or stdin) to stdout. With more
  1036. than one FILE, precede each with a filename header.
  1037. -n N[kbm] Print first N lines
  1038. -n -N[kbm] Print all except N last lines
  1039. -c [-]N[kbm] Print first N bytes
  1040. -q Never print headers
  1041. -v Always print headers
  1042. N may be suffixed by k (x1024), b (x512), or m (x1024^2).
  1043. hexdump
  1044. hexdump [-bcCdefnosvxR] [FILE]...
  1045. Display FILEs (or stdin) in a user specified format
  1046. -b 1-byte octal display
  1047. -c 1-byte character display
  1048. -d 2-byte decimal display
  1049. -o 2-byte octal display
  1050. -x 2-byte hex display
  1051. -C hex+ASCII 16 bytes per line
  1052. -v Show all (no dup folding)
  1053. -e FORMAT_STR Example: '16/1 "%02x|""\n"'
  1054. -f FORMAT_FILE
  1055. -n LENGTH Show only first LENGTH bytes
  1056. -s OFFSET Skip OFFSET bytes
  1057. -R Reverse of 'hexdump -Cv'
  1058. hexedit
  1059. hexedit FILE
  1060. Edit FILE in hexadecimal
  1061. hostid
  1062. hostid
  1063. Print out a unique 32-bit identifier for the machine
  1064. hostname
  1065. hostname [OPTIONS] [HOSTNAME | -F FILE]
  1066. Get or set hostname or DNS domain name
  1067. -s Short
  1068. -i Addresses for the hostname
  1069. -d DNS domain name
  1070. -f Fully qualified domain name
  1071. -F FILE Use FILE's content as hostname
  1072. httpd
  1073. httpd [-ifv[v]] [-c CONFFILE] [-p [IP:]PORT] [-u USER[:GRP]] [-r
  1074. REALM] [-h HOME] or httpd -d/-e/-m STRING
  1075. Listen for incoming HTTP requests
  1076. -i Inetd mode
  1077. -f Don't daemonize
  1078. -v[v] Verbose
  1079. -p [IP:]PORT Bind to IP:PORT (default *:80)
  1080. -u USER[:GRP] Set uid/gid after binding to port
  1081. -r REALM Authentication Realm for Basic Authentication
  1082. -h HOME Home directory (default .)
  1083. -c FILE Configuration file (default {/etc,HOME}/httpd.conf)
  1084. -m STRING MD5 crypt STRING
  1085. -e STRING HTML encode STRING
  1086. -d STRING URL decode STRING
  1087. hush
  1088. hush [-enxl] [-c 'SCRIPT' [ARG0 [ARGS]] / FILE [ARGS]]
  1089. Unix shell interpreter
  1090. hwclock
  1091. hwclock [-r|--show] [-s|--hctosys] [-w|--systohc] [--systz]
  1092. [--localtime] [-u|--utc] [-f|--rtc FILE]
  1093. Query and set hardware clock (RTC)
  1094. -r Show hardware clock time
  1095. -s Set system time from hardware clock
  1096. -w Set hardware clock from system time
  1097. --systz Set in-kernel timezone, correct system time
  1098. if hardware clock is in local time
  1099. -u Assume hardware clock is kept in UTC
  1100. --localtime Assume hardware clock is kept in local time
  1101. -f FILE Use specified device (e.g. /dev/rtc2)
  1102. i2cdetect
  1103. i2cdetect -l | -F I2CBUS | [-ya] [-q|-r] I2CBUS [FIRST LAST]
  1104. Detect I2C chips
  1105. -l List installed buses
  1106. -F BUS# List functionalities on this bus
  1107. -y Disable interactive mode
  1108. -a Force scanning of non-regular addresses
  1109. -q Use smbus quick write commands for probing (default)
  1110. -r Use smbus read byte commands for probing
  1111. FIRST and LAST limit probing range
  1112. i2cdump
  1113. i2cdump [-fy] [-r FIRST-LAST] BUS ADDR [MODE]
  1114. Examine I2C registers
  1115. I2CBUS I2C bus number
  1116. ADDRESS 0x03-0x77
  1117. MODE is:
  1118. b Byte (default)
  1119. w Word
  1120. W Word on even register addresses
  1121. i I2C block
  1122. s SMBus block
  1123. c Consecutive byte
  1124. Append p for SMBus PEC
  1125. -f Force access
  1126. -y Disable interactive mode
  1127. -r Limit the number of registers being accessed
  1128. i2cget
  1129. i2cget [-fy] BUS CHIP-ADDRESS [DATA-ADDRESS [MODE]]
  1130. Read from I2C/SMBus chip registers
  1131. I2CBUS I2C bus number
  1132. ADDRESS 0x03-0x77
  1133. MODE is:
  1134. b Read byte data (default)
  1135. w Read word data
  1136. c Write byte/read byte
  1137. Append p for SMBus PEC
  1138. -f Force access
  1139. -y Disable interactive mode
  1140. i2cset
  1141. i2cset [-fy] [-m MASK] BUS CHIP-ADDRESS DATA-ADDRESS [VALUE] ...
  1142. [MODE]
  1143. Set I2C registers
  1144. I2CBUS I2C bus number
  1145. ADDRESS 0x03-0x77
  1146. MODE is:
  1147. c Byte, no value
  1148. b Byte data (default)
  1149. w Word data
  1150. i I2C block data
  1151. s SMBus block data
  1152. Append p for SMBus PEC
  1153. -f Force access
  1154. -y Disable interactive mode
  1155. -r Read back and compare the result
  1156. -m MASK Mask specifying which bits to write
  1157. id id [OPTIONS] [USER]
  1158. Print information about USER or the current user
  1159. -u User ID
  1160. -g Group ID
  1161. -G Supplementary group IDs
  1162. -n Print names instead of numbers
  1163. -r Print real ID instead of effective ID
  1164. ifconfig
  1165. ifconfig [-a] interface [address]
  1166. Configure a network interface
  1167. [add ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]]
  1168. [del ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]]
  1169. [[-]broadcast [ADDRESS]] [[-]pointopoint [ADDRESS]]
  1170. [netmask ADDRESS] [dstaddr ADDRESS]
  1171. [outfill NN] [keepalive NN]
  1172. [hw ether|infiniband ADDRESS] [metric NN] [mtu NN]
  1173. [[-]trailers] [[-]arp] [[-]allmulti]
  1174. [multicast] [[-]promisc] [txqueuelen NN] [[-]dynamic]
  1175. [mem_start NN] [io_addr NN] [irq NN]
  1176. [up|down] ...
  1177. ifdown
  1178. ifdown [-anmvf] [-i FILE] IFACE...
  1179. -a Deconfigure all interfaces
  1180. -i FILE Use FILE for interface definitions
  1181. -n Print out what would happen, but don't do it
  1182. (note: doesn't disable mappings)
  1183. -m Don't run any mappings
  1184. -v Print out what would happen before doing it
  1185. -f Force deconfiguration
  1186. ifenslave
  1187. ifenslave [-cdf] MASTER_IFACE SLAVE_IFACE...
  1188. Configure network interfaces for parallel routing
  1189. -c Change active slave
  1190. -d Remove slave interface from bonding device
  1191. -f Force, even if interface is not Ethernet
  1192. ifplugd
  1193. ifplugd [OPTIONS]
  1194. Network interface plug detection daemon
  1195. -n Don't daemonize
  1196. -s Don't log to syslog
  1197. -i IFACE Interface
  1198. -f/-F Treat link detection error as link down/link up
  1199. (otherwise exit on error)
  1200. -a Don't up interface at each link probe
  1201. -M Monitor creation/destruction of interface
  1202. (otherwise it must exist)
  1203. -r PROG Script to run
  1204. -x ARG Extra argument for script
  1205. -I Don't exit on nonzero exit code from script
  1206. -p Don't run "up" script on startup
  1207. -q Don't run "down" script on exit
  1208. -l Always run script on startup
  1209. -t SECS Poll time in seconds
  1210. -u SECS Delay before running script after link up
  1211. -d SECS Delay after link down
  1212. -m MODE API mode (mii, priv, ethtool, wlan, iff, auto)
  1213. -k Kill running daemon
  1214. ifup
  1215. ifup [-anmvf] [-i FILE] IFACE...
  1216. -a Configure all interfaces
  1217. -i FILE Use FILE instead of /etc/network/interfaces
  1218. -n Print out what would happen, but don't do it
  1219. (note: doesn't disable mappings)
  1220. -m Don't run any mappings
  1221. -v Print out what would happen before doing it
  1222. -f Force configuration
  1223. inetd
  1224. inetd [-fe] [-q N] [-R N] [CONFFILE]
  1225. Listen for network connections and launch programs
  1226. -f Run in foreground
  1227. -e Log to stderr
  1228. -q N Socket listen queue (default 128)
  1229. -R N Pause services after N connects/min
  1230. (default 0 - disabled)
  1231. Default CONFFILE is /etc/inetd.conf
  1232. init
  1233. init
  1234. Init is the first process started during boot. It never exits. It
  1235. (re)spawns children according to /etc/inittab.
  1236. insmod
  1237. insmod FILE [SYMBOL=VALUE]...
  1238. Load kernel module
  1239. install
  1240. install [-cdDsp] [-o USER] [-g GRP] [-m MODE] [-t DIR] [SOURCE]...
  1241. DEST
  1242. Copy files and set attributes
  1243. -c Just copy (default)
  1244. -d Create directories
  1245. -D Create leading target directories
  1246. -s Strip symbol table
  1247. -p Preserve date
  1248. -o USER Set ownership
  1249. -g GRP Set group ownership
  1250. -m MODE Set permissions
  1251. -t DIR Install to DIR
  1252. ionice
  1253. ionice [-c 1-3] [-n 0-7] [-p PID] [PROG]
  1254. Change I/O priority and class
  1255. -c Class. 1:realtime 2:best-effort 3:idle
  1256. -n Priority
  1257. iostat
  1258. iostat [-c] [-d] [-t] [-z] [-k|-m] [ALL|BLOCKDEV...] [INTERVAL
  1259. [COUNT]]
  1260. Report CPU and I/O statistics
  1261. -c Show CPU utilization
  1262. -d Show device utilization
  1263. -t Print current time
  1264. -z Omit devices with no activity
  1265. -k Use kb/s
  1266. -m Use Mb/s
  1267. ip ip [OPTIONS] address|route|link|tunnel|neigh|rule [COMMAND]
  1268. OPTIONS := -f[amily] inet|inet6|link | -o[neline] COMMAND := ip addr
  1269. add|del IFADDR dev IFACE | show|flush [dev IFACE] [to PREFIX] ip
  1270. route list|flush|add|del|change|append|replace|test ROUTE ip link
  1271. set IFACE [up|down] [arp on|off] | show [IFACE] ip tunnel
  1272. add|change|del|show [NAME] [mode ipip|gre|sit] [remote ADDR] [local
  1273. ADDR] [ttl TTL] ip neigh show|flush [to PREFIX] [dev DEV] [nud
  1274. STATE] ip rule [list] | add|del SELECTOR ACTION
  1275. ipaddr
  1276. ipaddr add|del IFADDR dev IFACE | show|flush [dev IFACE] [to PREFIX]
  1277. ipaddr add|change|replace|delete dev IFACE IFADDR IFADDR := PREFIX |
  1278. ADDR peer PREFIX [broadcast ADDR|+|-] [anycast ADDR] [label STRING]
  1279. [scope SCOPE] PREFIX := ADDR[/MASK] SCOPE :=
  1280. [host|link|global|NUMBER] ipaddr show|flush [dev IFACE] [scope
  1281. SCOPE] [to PREFIX] [label PATTERN]
  1282. ipcalc
  1283. ipcalc [OPTIONS] ADDRESS[/PREFIX] [NETMASK]
  1284. Calculate and display network settings from IP address
  1285. -b Broadcast address
  1286. -n Network address
  1287. -m Default netmask for IP
  1288. -p Prefix for IP/NETMASK
  1289. -h Resolved host name
  1290. -s No error messages
  1291. ipcrm
  1292. ipcrm [-MQS key] [-mqs id]
  1293. Upper-case options MQS remove an object by shmkey value. Lower-case
  1294. options remove an object by shmid value.
  1295. -mM Remove memory segment after last detach
  1296. -qQ Remove message queue
  1297. -sS Remove semaphore
  1298. ipcs
  1299. ipcs [[-smq] -i shmid] | [[-asmq] [-tcplu]]
  1300. -i Show specific resource
  1301. Resource specification:
  1302. -m Shared memory segments
  1303. -q Message queues
  1304. -s Semaphore arrays
  1305. -a All (default)
  1306. Output format:
  1307. -t Time
  1308. -c Creator
  1309. -p Pid
  1310. -l Limits
  1311. -u Summary
  1312. iplink
  1313. iplink set IFACE [up|down] [arp on|off] | show [IFACE]
  1314. iplink set IFACE [up|down] [arp on|off] [multicast on|off] [promisc
  1315. on|off] [mtu NUM] [name NAME] [qlen NUM] [address MAC] iplink show
  1316. [IFACE]
  1317. ipneigh
  1318. ipneigh show|flush [to PREFIX] [dev DEV] [nud STATE]
  1319. iproute
  1320. iproute list|flush|add|del|change|append|replace|test ROUTE
  1321. iproute list|flush SELECTOR SELECTOR := [root PREFIX] [match PREFIX]
  1322. [proto RTPROTO] PREFIX := default|ADDR[/MASK] iproute get ADDR [from
  1323. ADDR iif IFACE] [oif IFACE] [tos TOS] iproute
  1324. add|del|change|append|replace|test ROUTE ROUTE := NODE_SPEC
  1325. [INFO_SPEC] NODE_SPEC := PREFIX [table TABLE_ID] [proto RTPROTO]
  1326. [scope SCOPE] [metric METRIC] INFO_SPEC := NH OPTIONS NH := [via
  1327. [inet|inet6] ADDR] [dev IFACE] [src ADDR] [onlink] OPTIONS := [mtu
  1328. [lock] NUM] [advmss [lock] NUM]
  1329. iprule
  1330. iprule [list] | add|del SELECTOR ACTION
  1331. SELECTOR := [from PREFIX] [to PREFIX] [tos TOS] [fwmark FWMARK]
  1332. [dev IFACE] [pref NUMBER]
  1333. ACTION := [table TABLE_ID] [nat ADDR]
  1334. [prohibit|reject|unreachable]
  1335. [realms [SRCREALM/]DSTREALM]
  1336. TABLE_ID := [local|main|default|NUMBER]
  1337. iptunnel
  1338. iptunnel add|change|del|show [NAME] [mode ipip|gre|sit] [remote
  1339. ADDR] [local ADDR] [ttl TTL]
  1340. iptunnel add|change|del|show [NAME] [mode ipip|gre|sit] [remote
  1341. ADDR] [local ADDR] [[i|o]seq] [[i|o]key KEY] [[i|o]csum] [ttl TTL]
  1342. [tos TOS] [[no]pmtudisc] [dev PHYS_DEV]
  1343. kbd_mode
  1344. kbd_mode [-a|k|s|u] [-C TTY]
  1345. Report or set VT console keyboard mode
  1346. -a Default (ASCII)
  1347. -k Medium-raw (keycode)
  1348. -s Raw (scancode)
  1349. -u Unicode (utf-8)
  1350. -C TTY Affect TTY
  1351. kill
  1352. kill [-l] [-SIG] PID...
  1353. Send a signal (default: TERM) to given PIDs
  1354. -l List all signal names and numbers
  1355. killall
  1356. killall [-l] [-q] [-SIG] PROCESS_NAME...
  1357. Send a signal (default: TERM) to given processes
  1358. -l List all signal names and numbers
  1359. -q Don't complain if no processes were killed
  1360. killall5
  1361. killall5 [-l] [-SIG] [-o PID]...
  1362. Send a signal (default: TERM) to all processes outside current
  1363. session
  1364. -l List all signal names and numbers
  1365. -o PID Don't signal this PID
  1366. klogd
  1367. klogd [-c N] [-n]
  1368. Kernel logger
  1369. -c N Print to console messages more urgent than prio N (1-8)
  1370. -n Run in foreground
  1371. last
  1372. last [-HW] [-f FILE]
  1373. Show listing of the last users that logged into the system
  1374. -W Display with no host column truncation
  1375. -f FILE Read from FILE instead of /var/log/wtmp
  1376. less
  1377. less [-EIMmNSh~] [FILE]...
  1378. View FILE (or stdin) one screenful at a time
  1379. -E Quit once the end of a file is reached
  1380. -I Ignore case in all searches
  1381. -M,-m Display status line with line numbers
  1382. and percentage through the file
  1383. -N Prefix line number to each line
  1384. -S Truncate long lines
  1385. -~ Suppress ~s displayed past EOF
  1386. link
  1387. link FILE LINK
  1388. Create hard LINK to FILE
  1389. ln ln [OPTIONS] TARGET... LINK|DIR
  1390. Create a link LINK or DIR/TARGET to the specified TARGET(s)
  1391. -s Make symlinks instead of hardlinks
  1392. -f Remove existing destinations
  1393. -n Don't dereference symlinks - treat like normal file
  1394. -b Make a backup of the target (if exists) before link operation
  1395. -S suf Use suffix instead of ~ when making backup files
  1396. -T 2nd arg must be a DIR
  1397. -v Verbose
  1398. loadfont
  1399. loadfont < font
  1400. Load a console font from stdin
  1401. loadkmap
  1402. loadkmap < keymap
  1403. Load a binary keyboard translation table from stdin
  1404. logger
  1405. logger [OPTIONS] [MESSAGE]
  1406. Write MESSAGE (or stdin) to syslog
  1407. -s Log to stderr as well as the system log
  1408. -t TAG Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name)
  1409. -p PRIO Priority (numeric or facility.level pair)
  1410. login
  1411. login [-p] [-h HOST] [[-f] USER]
  1412. Begin a new session on the system
  1413. -f Don't authenticate (user already authenticated)
  1414. -h HOST Host user came from (for network logins)
  1415. -p Preserve environment
  1416. logname
  1417. logname
  1418. Print the name of the current user
  1419. logread
  1420. logread [-fF]
  1421. Show messages in syslogd's circular buffer
  1422. -f Output data as log grows
  1423. -F Same as -f, but dump buffer first
  1424. losetup
  1425. losetup [-r] [-o OFS] {-f|LOOPDEV} FILE - associate loop devices
  1426. losetup -d LOOPDEV - disassociate losetup -a - show status losetup
  1427. -f - show next free loop device
  1428. -o OFS Start OFS bytes into FILE
  1429. -r Read-only
  1430. -f Show/use next free loop device
  1431. lpd lpd SPOOLDIR [HELPER [ARGS]]
  1432. SPOOLDIR must contain (symlinks to) device nodes or directories with
  1433. names matching print queue names. In the first case, jobs are sent
  1434. directly to the device. Otherwise each job is stored in queue
  1435. directory and HELPER program is called. Name of file to print is
  1436. passed in $DATAFILE variable. Example:
  1437. tcpsvd -E 0 515 softlimit -m 999999 lpd /var/spool ./print
  1438. lpq lpq [-P queue[@host[:port]]] [-U USERNAME] [-d JOBID]... [-fs]
  1439. -P lp service to connect to (else uses $PRINTER)
  1440. -d Delete jobs
  1441. -f Force any waiting job to be printed
  1442. -s Short display
  1443. lpr lpr -P queue[@host[:port]] -U USERNAME -J TITLE -Vmh [FILE]...
  1444. -P lp service to connect to (else uses $PRINTER)
  1445. -m Send mail on completion
  1446. -h Print banner page too
  1447. -V Verbose
  1448. ls ls [-1AaCxdLHRFplinshrSXvctu] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]...
  1449. List directory contents
  1450. -1 One column output
  1451. -a Include entries which start with .
  1452. -A Like -a, but exclude . and ..
  1453. -x List by lines
  1454. -d List directory entries instead of contents
  1455. -L Follow symlinks
  1456. -H Follow symlinks on command line
  1457. -R Recurse
  1458. -p Append / to dir entries
  1459. -F Append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
  1460. -l Long listing format
  1461. -i List inode numbers
  1462. -n List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
  1463. -s List allocated blocks
  1464. -lc List ctime
  1465. -lu List atime
  1466. --full-time List full date and time
  1467. -h Human readable sizes (1K 243M 2G)
  1468. --group-directories-first
  1469. -S Sort by size
  1470. -X Sort by extension
  1471. -v Sort by version
  1472. -t Sort by mtime
  1473. -tc Sort by ctime
  1474. -tu Sort by atime
  1475. -r Reverse sort order
  1476. -w N Format N columns wide
  1477. --color[={always,never,auto}] Control coloring
  1478. lsattr
  1479. lsattr [-Radlv] [FILE]...
  1480. List ext2 file attributes
  1481. -R Recurse
  1482. -a Don't hide entries starting with .
  1483. -d List directory entries instead of contents
  1484. -l List long flag names
  1485. -v List version/generation number
  1486. lsmod
  1487. lsmod
  1488. List loaded kernel modules
  1489. lsof
  1490. lsof
  1491. Show all open files
  1492. lspci
  1493. lspci [-mk]
  1494. List all PCI devices
  1495. -m Parsable output
  1496. -k Show driver
  1497. lzcat
  1498. lzcat [FILE]...
  1499. Decompress to stdout
  1500. lzma
  1501. lzma -d [-cfk] [FILE]...
  1502. Decompress FILE (or stdin)
  1503. -d Decompress
  1504. -c Write to stdout
  1505. -f Force
  1506. -k Keep input files
  1507. lzop
  1508. lzop [-cfUvd123456789CF] [FILE]...
  1509. -1..9 Compression level
  1510. -d Decompress
  1511. -c Write to stdout
  1512. -f Force
  1513. -U Delete input files
  1514. -v Verbose
  1515. -F Don't store or verify checksum
  1516. -C Also write checksum of compressed block
  1517. makedevs
  1518. makedevs [-d device_table] rootdir
  1519. Create a range of special files as specified in a device table.
  1520. Device table entries take the form of:
  1521. <name> <type> <mode> <uid> <gid> <major> <minor> <start> <inc>
  1522. <count> Where name is the file name, type can be one of: f Regular
  1523. file d Directory c Character device b Block device p Fifo (named
  1524. pipe) uid is the user id for the target file, gid is the group id
  1525. for the target file. The rest of the entries (major, minor, etc)
  1526. apply to to device special files. A '-' may be used for blank
  1527. entries.
  1528. makemime
  1529. makemime [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
  1530. Create multipart MIME-encoded message from FILEs
  1531. -o FILE Output. Default: stdout
  1532. -a HDR Add header(s). Examples:
  1533. "From: user@host.org", "Date: `date -R`"
  1534. -c CT Content type. Default: application/octet-stream
  1535. -C CS Charset. Default: us-ascii
  1536. Other options are silently ignored
  1537. man man [-aw] [MANPAGE]...
  1538. Format and display manual page
  1539. -a Display all pages
  1540. -w Show page locations
  1541. $COLUMNS overrides output width
  1542. md5sum
  1543. md5sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...
  1544. Print or check MD5 checksums
  1545. -c Check sums against list in FILEs
  1546. -s Don't output anything, status code shows success
  1547. -w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
  1548. mdev
  1549. mdev [-s]
  1550. mdev -s is to be run during boot to scan /sys and populate /dev.
  1551. Bare mdev is a kernel hotplug helper. To activate it: echo
  1552. /sbin/mdev >/proc/sys/kernel/hotplug
  1553. It uses /etc/mdev.conf with lines [-][ENV=regex;]...DEVNAME UID:GID
  1554. PERM [>|=PATH]|[!] [@|$|*PROG] where DEVNAME is device name regex,
  1555. @major,minor[-minor2], or environment variable regex. A common use
  1556. of the latter is to load modules for hotplugged devices:
  1557. $MODALIAS=.* 0:0 660 @modprobe "$MODALIAS"
  1558. If /dev/mdev.seq file exists, mdev will wait for its value to match
  1559. $SEQNUM variable. This prevents plug/unplug races. To activate this
  1560. feature, create empty /dev/mdev.seq at boot.
  1561. If /dev/mdev.log file exists, debug log will be appended to it.
  1562. mesg
  1563. mesg [y|n]
  1564. Control write access to your terminal y Allow write access to your
  1565. terminal n Disallow write access to your terminal
  1566. microcom
  1567. microcom [-d DELAY] [-t TIMEOUT] [-s SPEED] [-X] TTY
  1568. Copy bytes for stdin to TTY and from TTY to stdout
  1569. -d Wait up to DELAY ms for TTY output before sending every
  1570. next byte to it
  1571. -t Exit if both stdin and TTY are silent for TIMEOUT ms
  1572. -s Set serial line to SPEED
  1573. -X Disable special meaning of NUL and Ctrl-X from stdin
  1574. mkdir
  1575. mkdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY...
  1576. Create DIRECTORY
  1577. -m MODE Mode
  1578. -p No error if exists; make parent directories as needed
  1579. mkdosfs
  1580. mkdosfs [-v] [-n LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]
  1581. Make a FAT32 filesystem
  1582. -v Verbose
  1583. -n LBL Volume label
  1584. mke2fs
  1585. mke2fs [-Fn] [-b BLK_SIZE] [-i INODE_RATIO] [-I INODE_SIZE] [-m
  1586. RESERVED_PERCENT] [-L LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]
  1587. -b BLK_SIZE Block size, bytes
  1588. -F Force
  1589. -i RATIO Max number of files is filesystem_size / RATIO
  1590. -I BYTES Inode size (min 128)
  1591. -L LBL Volume label
  1592. -m PERCENT Percent of blocks to reserve for admin
  1593. -n Dry run
  1594. mkfifo
  1595. mkfifo [-m MODE] NAME
  1596. Create named pipe
  1597. -m MODE Mode (default a=rw)
  1598. mkfs.ext2
  1599. mkfs.ext2 [-Fn] [-b BLK_SIZE] [-i INODE_RATIO] [-I INODE_SIZE] [-m
  1600. RESERVED_PERCENT] [-L LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]
  1601. -b BLK_SIZE Block size, bytes
  1602. -F Force
  1603. -i RATIO Max number of files is filesystem_size / RATIO
  1604. -I BYTES Inode size (min 128)
  1605. -L LBL Volume label
  1606. -m PERCENT Percent of blocks to reserve for admin
  1607. -n Dry run
  1608. mkfs.minix
  1609. mkfs.minix [-c | -l FILE] [-nXX] [-iXX] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]
  1610. Make a MINIX filesystem
  1611. -c Check device for bad blocks
  1612. -n [14|30] Maximum length of filenames
  1613. -i INODES Number of inodes for the filesystem
  1614. -l FILE Read bad blocks list from FILE
  1615. -v Make version 2 filesystem
  1616. mkfs.vfat
  1617. mkfs.vfat [-v] [-n LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]
  1618. Make a FAT32 filesystem
  1619. -v Verbose
  1620. -n LBL Volume label
  1621. mknod
  1622. mknod [-m MODE] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR
  1623. Create a special file (block, character, or pipe)
  1624. -m MODE Creation mode (default a=rw)
  1625. TYPE:
  1626. b Block device
  1627. c or u Character device
  1628. p Named pipe (MAJOR and MINOR are ignored)
  1629. mkpasswd
  1630. mkpasswd [OPTIONS] [PASSWORD] [SALT]
  1631. Print crypt(3) hashed PASSWORD
  1632. -P,--password-fd N Read password from fd N
  1633. -m,--method TYPE des,md5,sha256/512 (default des)
  1634. -S,--salt SALT
  1635. mkswap
  1636. mkswap [-L LBL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]
  1637. Prepare BLOCKDEV to be used as swap partition
  1638. -L LBL Label
  1639. mktemp
  1640. mktemp [-dt] [-p DIR] [TEMPLATE]
  1641. Create a temporary file with name based on TEMPLATE and print its
  1642. name. TEMPLATE must end with XXXXXX (e.g. [/dir/]nameXXXXXX).
  1643. Without TEMPLATE, -t tmp.XXXXXX is assumed.
  1644. -d Make directory, not file
  1645. -q Fail silently on errors
  1646. -t Prepend base directory name to TEMPLATE
  1647. -p DIR Use DIR as a base directory (implies -t)
  1648. -u Do not create anything; print a name
  1649. Base directory is: -p DIR, else $TMPDIR, else /tmp
  1650. modinfo
  1651. modinfo [-adlpn0] [-F keyword] MODULE
  1652. -a Shortcut for '-F author'
  1653. -d Shortcut for '-F description'
  1654. -l Shortcut for '-F license'
  1655. -p Shortcut for '-F parm'
  1656. -F keyword Keyword to look for
  1657. -0 Separate output with NULs
  1658. modprobe
  1659. modprobe [-rq] MODULE [SYMBOL=VALUE]...
  1660. -r Remove MODULE
  1661. -q Quiet
  1662. more
  1663. more [FILE]...
  1664. View FILE (or stdin) one screenful at a time
  1665. mount
  1666. mount [OPTIONS] [-o OPT] DEVICE NODE
  1667. Mount a filesystem. Filesystem autodetection requires /proc.
  1668. -a Mount all filesystems in fstab
  1669. -f Dry run
  1670. -v Verbose
  1671. -r Read-only mount
  1672. -t FSTYPE[,...] Filesystem type(s)
  1673. -T FILE Read FILE instead of /etc/fstab
  1674. -O OPT Mount only filesystems with option OPT (-a only)
  1675. -o OPT:
  1676. loop Ignored (loop devices are autodetected)
  1677. [a]sync Writes are [a]synchronous
  1678. [no]atime Disable/enable updates to inode access times
  1679. [no]diratime Disable/enable atime updates to directories
  1680. [no]relatime Disable/enable atime updates relative to modification time
  1681. [no]dev (Dis)allow use of special device files
  1682. [no]exec (Dis)allow use of executable files
  1683. [no]suid (Dis)allow set-user-id-root programs
  1684. [r]shared Convert [recursively] to a shared subtree
  1685. [r]slave Convert [recursively] to a slave subtree
  1686. [r]private Convert [recursively] to a private subtree
  1687. [un]bindable Make mount point [un]able to be bind mounted
  1688. [r]bind Bind a file or directory [recursively] to another location
  1689. move Relocate an existing mount point
  1690. remount Remount a mounted filesystem, changing flags
  1691. ro Same as -r
  1692. There are filesystem-specific -o flags.
  1693. mountpoint
  1694. mountpoint [-q] <[-dn] DIR | -x DEVICE>
  1695. Check if the directory is a mountpoint
  1696. -q Quiet
  1697. -d Print major/minor device number of the filesystem
  1698. -n Print device name of the filesystem
  1699. -x Print major/minor device number of the blockdevice
  1700. mpstat
  1701. mpstat [-A] [-I SUM|CPU|ALL|SCPU] [-u] [-P num|ALL] [INTERVAL
  1702. [COUNT]]
  1703. Per-processor statistics
  1704. -A Same as -I ALL -u -P ALL
  1705. -I SUM|CPU|ALL|SCPU Report interrupt statistics
  1706. -P num|ALL Processor to monitor
  1707. -u Report CPU utilization
  1708. mt mt [-f device] opcode value
  1709. Control magnetic tape drive operation
  1710. Available Opcodes:
  1711. bsf bsfm bsr bss datacompression drvbuffer eof eom erase fsf fsfm
  1712. fsr fss load lock mkpart nop offline ras1 ras2 ras3 reset retension
  1713. rewind rewoffline seek setblk setdensity setpart tell unload unlock
  1714. weof wset
  1715. mv mv [-fin] SOURCE DEST or: mv [-fin] SOURCE... DIRECTORY
  1716. Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY
  1717. -f Don't prompt before overwriting
  1718. -i Interactive, prompt before overwrite
  1719. -n Don't overwrite an existing file
  1720. nameif
  1721. nameif [-s] [-c FILE] [IFNAME SELECTOR]...
  1722. Rename network interface while it in the down state. The device
  1723. matched by SELECTOR is renamed to IFACE. SELECTOR can be a
  1724. combination of:
  1725. driver=STRING
  1726. bus=STRING
  1727. phy_address=NUM
  1728. [mac=]XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX
  1729. -c FILE Configuration file (default: /etc/mactab)
  1730. -s Log to syslog
  1731. nanddump
  1732. nanddump [-no] [--bb padbad|skipbad] [-s ADDR] [-l LEN] [-f FILE]
  1733. MTD_DEVICE
  1734. Dump MTD_DEVICE
  1735. -n Read without ecc
  1736. -o Dump oob data
  1737. -s ADDR Start address
  1738. -l LEN Length
  1739. -f FILE Dump to file ('-' for stdout)
  1740. --bb METHOD
  1741. skipbad: skip bad blocks
  1742. padbad: substitute bad blocks by 0xff (default)
  1743. nandwrite
  1744. nandwrite [-np] [-s ADDR] MTD_DEVICE [FILE]
  1745. Write to MTD_DEVICE
  1746. -n Write without ecc
  1747. -p Pad to page size
  1748. -s ADDR Start address
  1749. nbd-client
  1750. nbd-client HOST PORT BLOCKDEV
  1751. Connect to HOST and provide a network block device on BLOCKDEV
  1752. nc nc [OPTIONS] HOST PORT - connect nc [OPTIONS] -l -p PORT [HOST]
  1753. [PORT] - listen
  1754. -e PROG Run PROG after connect (must be last)
  1755. -l Listen mode, for inbound connects
  1756. -lk With -e, provides persistent server
  1757. -p PORT Local port
  1758. -s ADDR Local address
  1759. -w SEC Timeout for connects and final net reads
  1760. -i SEC Delay interval for lines sent
  1761. -n Don't do DNS resolution
  1762. -u UDP mode
  1763. -v Verbose
  1764. -o FILE Hex dump traffic
  1765. -z Zero-I/O mode (scanning)
  1766. netstat
  1767. netstat [-ral] [-tuwx] [-enWp]
  1768. Display networking information
  1769. -r Routing table
  1770. -a All sockets
  1771. -l Listening sockets
  1772. Else: connected sockets
  1773. -t TCP sockets
  1774. -u UDP sockets
  1775. -w Raw sockets
  1776. -x Unix sockets
  1777. Else: all socket types
  1778. -e Other/more information
  1779. -n Don't resolve names
  1780. -W Wide display
  1781. -p Show PID/program name for sockets
  1782. nice
  1783. nice [-n ADJUST] [PROG ARGS]
  1784. Change scheduling priority, run PROG
  1785. -n ADJUST Adjust priority by ADJUST
  1786. nl nl [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
  1787. Write FILEs to standard output with line numbers added
  1788. -b STYLE Which lines to number - a: all, t: nonempty, n: none
  1789. -i N Line number increment
  1790. -s STRING Use STRING as line number separator
  1791. -v N Start from N
  1792. -w N Width of line numbers
  1793. nmeter
  1794. nmeter [-d MSEC] FORMAT_STRING
  1795. Monitor system in real time
  1796. -d MSEC Milliseconds between updates, default:1000, none:-1
  1797. Format specifiers:
  1798. %Nc or %[cN] CPU. N - bar size (default 10)
  1799. (displays: S:system U:user N:niced D:iowait I:irq i:softirq)
  1800. %[nINTERFACE] Network INTERFACE
  1801. %m Allocated memory
  1802. %[mf] Free memory
  1803. %[mt] Total memory
  1804. %s Allocated swap
  1805. %f Number of used file descriptors
  1806. %Ni Total/specific IRQ rate
  1807. %x Context switch rate
  1808. %p Forks
  1809. %[pn] # of processes
  1810. %b Block io
  1811. %Nt Time (with N decimal points)
  1812. %r Print <cr> instead of <lf> at EOL
  1813. nohup
  1814. nohup PROG ARGS
  1815. Run PROG immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty
  1816. nproc
  1817. nproc
  1818. Print number of CPUs
  1819. nsenter
  1820. nsenter [OPTIONS] [PROG [ARGS]]
  1821. -t PID Target process to get namespaces from
  1822. -m[FILE] Enter mount namespace
  1823. -u[FILE] Enter UTS namespace (hostname etc)
  1824. -i[FILE] Enter System V IPC namespace
  1825. -n[FILE] Enter network namespace
  1826. -p[FILE] Enter pid namespace
  1827. -U[FILE] Enter user namespace
  1828. -S UID Set uid in entered namespace
  1829. -G GID Set gid in entered namespace
  1830. --preserve-credentials Don't touch uids or gids
  1831. -r[DIR] Set root directory
  1832. -w[DIR] Set working directory
  1833. -F Don't fork before exec'ing PROG
  1834. nslookup
  1835. nslookup [HOST] [SERVER]
  1836. Query the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST optionally
  1837. using a specified DNS server
  1838. ntpd
  1839. ntpd [-dnqNwl -I IFACE] [-S PROG] [-p PEER]...
  1840. NTP client/server
  1841. -d Verbose (may be repeated)
  1842. -n Do not daemonize
  1843. -q Quit after clock is set
  1844. -N Run at high priority
  1845. -w Do not set time (only query peers), implies -n
  1846. -S PROG Run PROG after stepping time, stratum change, and every 11 mins
  1847. -p PEER Obtain time from PEER (may be repeated)
  1848. If -p is not given, 'server HOST' lines
  1849. from /etc/ntp.conf are used
  1850. -l Also run as server on port 123
  1851. -I IFACE Bind server to IFACE, implies -l
  1852. nuke
  1853. nuke DIR...
  1854. Remove DIRs
  1855. od od [-abcdfhilovxs] [-t TYPE] [-A RADIX] [-N SIZE] [-j SKIP] [-S
  1856. MINSTR] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]...
  1857. Print FILEs (or stdin) unambiguously, as octal bytes by default
  1858. openvt
  1859. openvt [-c N] [-sw] [PROG ARGS]
  1860. Start PROG on a new virtual terminal
  1861. -c N Use specified VT
  1862. -s Switch to the VT
  1863. -w Wait for PROG to exit
  1864. partprobe
  1865. partprobe DEVICE...
  1866. Ask kernel to rescan partition table
  1867. passwd
  1868. passwd [OPTIONS] [USER]
  1869. Change USER's password (default: current user)
  1870. -a ALG des,md5,sha256/512 (default des)
  1871. -d Set password to ''
  1872. -l Lock (disable) account
  1873. -u Unlock (enable) account
  1874. paste
  1875. paste [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
  1876. Paste lines from each input file, separated with tab
  1877. -d LIST Use delimiters from LIST, not tab
  1878. -s Serial: one file at a time
  1879. patch
  1880. patch [OPTIONS] [ORIGFILE [PATCHFILE]]
  1881. -p,--strip N Strip N leading components from file names
  1882. -i,--input DIFF Read DIFF instead of stdin
  1883. -R,--reverse Reverse patch
  1884. -N,--forward Ignore already applied patches
  1885. -E,--remove-empty-files Remove output files if they become empty
  1886. pgrep
  1887. pgrep [-flanovx] [-s SID|-P PPID|PATTERN]
  1888. Display process(es) selected by regex PATTERN
  1889. -l Show command name too
  1890. -a Show command line too
  1891. -f Match against entire command line
  1892. -n Show the newest process only
  1893. -o Show the oldest process only
  1894. -v Negate the match
  1895. -x Match whole name (not substring)
  1896. -s Match session ID (0 for current)
  1897. -P Match parent process ID
  1898. pidof
  1899. pidof [OPTIONS] [NAME]...
  1900. List PIDs of all processes with names that match NAMEs
  1901. -s Show only one PID
  1902. -o PID Omit given pid
  1903. Use %PPID to omit pid of pidof's parent
  1904. ping
  1905. ping [OPTIONS] HOST
  1906. Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts
  1907. -4,-6 Force IP or IPv6 name resolution
  1908. -c CNT Send only CNT pings
  1909. -s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default 56)
  1910. -t TTL Set TTL
  1911. -I IFACE/IP Source interface or IP address
  1912. -W SEC Seconds to wait for the first response (default 10)
  1913. (after all -c CNT packets are sent)
  1914. -w SEC Seconds until ping exits (default:infinite)
  1915. (can exit earlier with -c CNT)
  1916. -q Quiet, only display output at start
  1917. and when finished
  1918. -p HEXBYTE Pattern to use for payload
  1919. ping6
  1920. ping6 [OPTIONS] HOST
  1921. Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts
  1922. -c CNT Send only CNT pings
  1923. -s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default 56)
  1924. -I IFACE/IP Source interface or IP address
  1925. -q Quiet, only display output at start
  1926. and when finished
  1927. -p HEXBYTE Pattern to use for payload
  1928. pivot_root
  1929. pivot_root NEW_ROOT PUT_OLD
  1930. Move the current root file system to PUT_OLD and make NEW_ROOT the
  1931. new root file system
  1932. pkill
  1933. pkill [-l|-SIGNAL] [-fnovx] [-s SID|-P PPID|PATTERN]
  1934. Send a signal to process(es) selected by regex PATTERN
  1935. -l List all signals
  1936. -f Match against entire command line
  1937. -n Signal the newest process only
  1938. -o Signal the oldest process only
  1939. -v Negate the match
  1940. -x Match whole name (not substring)
  1941. -s Match session ID (0 for current)
  1942. -P Match parent process ID
  1943. pmap
  1944. pmap [-xq] PID...
  1945. Display process memory usage
  1946. -x Show details
  1947. -q Quiet
  1948. popmaildir
  1949. popmaildir [OPTIONS] MAILDIR [CONN_HELPER ARGS]
  1950. Fetch content of remote mailbox to local maildir
  1951. -s Skip authorization
  1952. -T Get messages with TOP instead of RETR
  1953. -k Keep retrieved messages on the server
  1954. -t SEC Network timeout
  1955. -F "PROG ARGS" Filter program (may be repeated)
  1956. -M "PROG ARGS" Delivery program
  1957. Fetch from plain POP3 server: popmaildir -k DIR nc pop3.server.com
  1958. 110 <user_and_pass.txt Fetch from SSLed POP3 server and delete
  1959. fetched emails: popmaildir DIR -- openssl s_client -quiet -connect
  1960. pop3.server.com:995 <user_and_pass.txt
  1961. poweroff
  1962. poweroff [-d DELAY] [-n] [-f]
  1963. Halt and shut off power
  1964. -d SEC Delay interval
  1965. -n Do not sync
  1966. -f Force (don't go through init)
  1967. powertop
  1968. powertop
  1969. Analyze power consumption on Intel-based laptops
  1970. printenv
  1971. printenv [VARIABLE]...
  1972. Print environment VARIABLEs. If no VARIABLE specified, print all.
  1973. printf
  1974. printf FORMAT [ARG]...
  1975. Format and print ARG(s) according to FORMAT (a-la C printf)
  1976. ps ps [-o COL1,COL2=HEADER] [-T]
  1977. Show list of processes
  1978. -o COL1,COL2=HEADER Select columns for display
  1979. -T Show threads
  1980. pscan
  1981. pscan [-cb] [-p MIN_PORT] [-P MAX_PORT] [-t TIMEOUT] [-T MIN_RTT]
  1982. HOST
  1983. Scan a host, print all open ports
  1984. -c Show closed ports too
  1985. -b Show blocked ports too
  1986. -p Scan from this port (default 1)
  1987. -P Scan up to this port (default 1024)
  1988. -t Timeout (default 5000 ms)
  1989. -T Minimum rtt (default 5 ms, increase for congested hosts)
  1990. pstree
  1991. pstree [-p] [PID|USER]
  1992. Display process tree, optionally start from USER or PID
  1993. -p Show pids
  1994. pwd pwd
  1995. Print the full filename of the current working directory
  1996. pwdx
  1997. pwdx PID...
  1998. Show current directory for PIDs
  1999. raidautorun
  2000. raidautorun DEVICE
  2001. Tell the kernel to automatically search and start RAID arrays
  2002. rdate
  2003. rdate [-s/-p] HOST
  2004. Set and print time from HOST using RFC 868
  2005. -s Only set system time
  2006. -p Only print time
  2007. rdev
  2008. rdev
  2009. Print the device node associated with the filesystem mounted at '/'
  2010. readahead
  2011. readahead [FILE]...
  2012. Preload FILEs to RAM
  2013. readlink
  2014. readlink [-fnv] FILE
  2015. Display the value of a symlink
  2016. -f Canonicalize by following all symlinks
  2017. -n Don't add newline
  2018. -v Verbose
  2019. readprofile
  2020. readprofile [OPTIONS]
  2021. -m mapfile (Default: /boot/System.map)
  2022. -p profile (Default: /proc/profile)
  2023. -M NUM Set the profiling multiplier to NUM
  2024. -i Print only info about the sampling step
  2025. -v Verbose
  2026. -a Print all symbols, even if count is 0
  2027. -b Print individual histogram-bin counts
  2028. -s Print individual counters within functions
  2029. -r Reset all the counters (root only)
  2030. -n Disable byte order auto-detection
  2031. realpath
  2032. realpath FILE...
  2033. Return the absolute pathnames of given FILE
  2034. reboot
  2035. reboot [-d DELAY] [-n] [-f]
  2036. Reboot the system
  2037. -d SEC Delay interval
  2038. -n Do not sync
  2039. -f Force (don't go through init)
  2040. reformime
  2041. reformime [OPTIONS]
  2042. Parse MIME-encoded message on stdin
  2043. -x PREFIX Extract content of MIME sections to files
  2044. -X PROG ARGS Filter content of MIME sections through PROG
  2045. Must be the last option
  2046. Other options are silently ignored
  2047. remove-shell
  2048. remove-shell SHELL...
  2049. Remove SHELLs from /etc/shells
  2050. renice
  2051. renice [-n] PRIORITY [[-p | -g | -u] ID...]...
  2052. Change scheduling priority of a running process
  2053. -n Add PRIORITY to current nice value
  2054. Without -n, nice value is set to PRIORITY
  2055. -p Process ids (default)
  2056. -g Process group ids
  2057. -u Process user names
  2058. reset
  2059. reset
  2060. Reset the screen
  2061. resize
  2062. resize
  2063. Resize the screen
  2064. resume
  2065. resume BLOCKDEV [OFFSET]
  2066. Restore system state from 'suspend-to-disk' data in BLOCKDEV
  2067. rev rev [FILE]...
  2068. Reverse lines of FILE
  2069. rm rm [-irf] FILE...
  2070. Remove (unlink) FILEs
  2071. -i Always prompt before removing
  2072. -f Never prompt
  2073. -R,-r Recurse
  2074. rmdir
  2075. rmdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY...
  2076. Remove DIRECTORY if it is empty
  2077. -p Include parents
  2078. --ignore-fail-on-non-empty
  2079. rmmod
  2080. rmmod MODULE...
  2081. Unload kernel modules
  2082. route
  2083. route [{add|del|delete}]
  2084. Edit kernel routing tables
  2085. -n Don't resolve names
  2086. -e Display other/more information
  2087. -A inet{6} Select address family
  2088. rpm rpm -i PACKAGE.rpm; rpm -qp[ildc] PACKAGE.rpm
  2089. Manipulate RPM packages
  2090. Commands:
  2091. -i Install package
  2092. -qp Query package
  2093. -qpi Show information
  2094. -qpl List contents
  2095. -qpd List documents
  2096. -qpc List config files
  2097. rpm2cpio
  2098. rpm2cpio PACKAGE.rpm
  2099. Output a cpio archive of the rpm file
  2100. rtcwake
  2101. rtcwake [-a | -l | -u] [-d DEV] [-m MODE] [-s SEC | -t TIME]
  2102. Enter a system sleep state until specified wakeup time
  2103. -a,--auto Read clock mode from adjtime
  2104. -l,--local Clock is set to local time
  2105. -u,--utc Clock is set to UTC time
  2106. -d,--device DEV Specify the RTC device
  2107. -m,--mode MODE Set sleep state (default: standby)
  2108. -s,--seconds SEC Set timeout in SEC seconds from now
  2109. -t,--time TIME Set timeout to TIME seconds from epoch
  2110. run-init
  2111. run-init [-d CAP,CAP...] [-n] [-c CONSOLE_DEV] NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT
  2112. [ARGS]
  2113. Free initramfs and switch to another root fs:
  2114. chroot to NEW_ROOT, delete all in /, move NEW_ROOT to /, execute
  2115. NEW_INIT. PID must be 1. NEW_ROOT must be a mountpoint.
  2116. -c DEV Reopen stdio to DEV after switch
  2117. -d CAPS Drop capabilities
  2118. -n Dry run
  2119. run-parts
  2120. run-parts [-a ARG]... [-u UMASK] [--reverse] [--test]
  2121. [--exit-on-error] [--list] DIRECTORY
  2122. Run a bunch of scripts in DIRECTORY
  2123. -a ARG Pass ARG as argument to scripts
  2124. -u UMASK Set UMASK before running scripts
  2125. --reverse Reverse execution order
  2126. --test Dry run
  2127. --exit-on-error Exit if a script exits with non-zero
  2128. --list Print names of matching files even if they are not executable
  2129. runlevel
  2130. runlevel [FILE]
  2131. Find the current and previous system runlevel
  2132. If no utmp FILE exists or if no runlevel record can be found, print
  2133. "unknown"
  2134. runsv
  2135. runsv DIR
  2136. Start and monitor a service and optionally an appendant log service
  2137. runsvdir
  2138. runsvdir [-P] [-s SCRIPT] DIR
  2139. Start a runsv process for each subdirectory. If it exits, restart
  2140. it.
  2141. -P Put each runsv in a new session
  2142. -s SCRIPT Run SCRIPT <signo> after signal is processed
  2143. rx rx FILE
  2144. Receive a file using the xmodem protocol
  2145. script
  2146. script [-afq] [-t[FILE]] [-c PROG] [OUTFILE]
  2147. Default OUTFILE is 'typescript'
  2148. -a Append output
  2149. -c PROG Run PROG, not shell
  2150. -q Quiet
  2151. -t[FILE] Send timing to stderr or FILE
  2152. scriptreplay
  2153. scriptreplay TIMINGFILE [TYPESCRIPT [DIVISOR]]
  2154. Play back typescripts, using timing information
  2155. sed sed [-i[SFX]] [-nrE] [-f FILE]... [-e CMD]... [FILE]... or: sed
  2156. [-i[SFX]] [-nrE] CMD [FILE]...
  2157. -e CMD Add CMD to sed commands to be executed
  2158. -f FILE Add FILE contents to sed commands to be executed
  2159. -i[SFX] Edit files in-place (otherwise sends to stdout)
  2160. Optionally back files up, appending SFX
  2161. -n Suppress automatic printing of pattern space
  2162. -r,-E Use extended regex syntax
  2163. If no -e or -f, the first non-option argument is the sed command
  2164. string. Remaining arguments are input files (stdin if none).
  2165. sendmail
  2166. sendmail [-tv] [-f SENDER] [-amLOGIN 4<user_pass.txt | -auUSER
  2167. -apPASS] [-w SECS] [-H 'PROG ARGS' | -S HOST] [RECIPIENT_EMAIL]...
  2168. Read email from stdin and send it
  2169. Standard options:
  2170. -t Read additional recipients from message body
  2171. -f SENDER For use in MAIL FROM:<sender>. Can be empty string
  2172. Default: -auUSER, or username of current UID
  2173. -o OPTIONS Various options. -oi implied, others are ignored
  2174. -i -oi synonym, implied and ignored
  2175. Busybox specific options:
  2176. -v Verbose
  2177. -w SECS Network timeout
  2178. -H 'PROG ARGS' Run connection helper. Examples:
  2179. openssl s_client -quiet -tls1 -starttls smtp -connect smtp.gmail.com:25
  2180. openssl s_client -quiet -tls1 -connect smtp.gmail.com:465
  2181. $SMTP_ANTISPAM_DELAY: seconds to wait after helper connect
  2182. -S HOST[:PORT] Server (default $SMTPHOST or 127.0.0.1)
  2183. -amLOGIN Log in using AUTH LOGIN (-amCRAM-MD5 not supported)
  2184. -auUSER Username for AUTH
  2185. -apPASS Password for AUTH
  2186. If no -a options are given, authentication is not done. If -amLOGIN
  2187. is given but no -au/-ap, user/password is read from fd #4. Other
  2188. options are silently ignored; -oi is implied. Use makemime to create
  2189. emails with attachments.
  2190. seq seq [-w] [-s SEP] [FIRST [INC]] LAST
  2191. Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INC. FIRST, INC
  2192. default to 1.
  2193. -w Pad to last with leading zeros
  2194. -s SEP String separator
  2195. setarch
  2196. setarch PERSONALITY [-R] PROG ARGS
  2197. PERSONALITY may be:
  2198. linux32 Set 32bit uname emulation
  2199. linux64 Set 64bit uname emulation
  2200. -R Disable address space randomization
  2201. setconsole
  2202. setconsole [-r] [DEVICE]
  2203. Make writes to /dev/console appear on DEVICE (default: /dev/tty).
  2204. Does not redirect kernel log output or reads from /dev/console.
  2205. -r Reset: writes to /dev/console go to kernel log tty(s)
  2206. setfattr
  2207. setfattr [-h] -n|-x ATTR [-v VALUE] FILE...
  2208. Set extended attributes
  2209. -h Do not follow symlinks
  2210. -x ATTR Remove attribute ATTR
  2211. -n ATTR Set attribute ATTR to VALUE
  2212. -v VALUE (default: empty)
  2213. setfont
  2214. setfont FONT [-m MAPFILE] [-C TTY]
  2215. Load a console font
  2216. -m MAPFILE Load console screen map
  2217. -C TTY Affect TTY instead of /dev/tty
  2218. setkeycodes
  2219. setkeycodes { SCANCODE KEYCODE }...
  2220. Modify kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing unusual keyboards
  2221. to generate usable keycodes.
  2222. SCANCODE is either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), KEYCODE is decimal.
  2223. setlogcons
  2224. setlogcons [N]
  2225. Pin kernel output to VT console N. Default:0 (do not pin)
  2226. setpriv
  2227. setpriv [OPTIONS] PROG [ARGS]
  2228. Run PROG with different privilege settings
  2229. -d,--dump Show current capabilities --nnp,--no-new-privs Ignore
  2230. setuid/setgid bits and file capabilities --inh-caps CAP,CAP Set
  2231. inheritable capabilities --ambient-caps CAP,CAP Set ambient
  2232. capabilities
  2233. setserial
  2234. setserial [-abGvz] { DEVICE [PARAMETER [ARG]]... | -g DEVICE... }
  2235. Print or set serial port parameters
  2236. -a Print all
  2237. -b Print summary
  2238. -G Print as setserial PARAMETERs
  2239. -v Verbose
  2240. -z Zero out serial flags before setting
  2241. -g All args are device names
  2242. PARAMETERs: (* = takes ARG, ^ = can be turned off by preceding ^)
  2243. *port, *irq, *divisor, *uart, *baud_base, *close_delay,
  2244. *closing_wait, ^fourport, ^auto_irq, ^skip_test, ^sak,
  2245. ^session_lockout, ^pgrp_lockout, ^callout_nohup, ^split_termios,
  2246. ^hup_notify, ^low_latency, autoconfig, spd_normal, spd_hi, spd_vhi,
  2247. spd_shi, spd_warp, spd_cust ARG for uart:
  2248. unknown, 8250, 16450, 16550, 16550A, Cirrus, 16650, 16650V2, 16750,
  2249. 16950, 16954, 16654, 16850, RSA, NS16550A, XSCALE, RM9000, OCTEON, AR7,
  2250. U6_16550A
  2251. setsid
  2252. setsid [-c] PROG ARGS
  2253. Run PROG in a new session. PROG will have no controlling terminal
  2254. and will not be affected by keyboard signals (^C etc).
  2255. -c Set controlling terminal to stdin
  2256. setuidgid
  2257. setuidgid USER PROG ARGS
  2258. Set uid and gid to USER's uid and gid, drop supplementary group ids,
  2259. run PROG
  2260. sh sh [-/+OPTIONS] [-/+o OPT]... [-c 'SCRIPT' [ARG0 [ARGS]] / FILE
  2261. [ARGS]]
  2262. Unix shell interpreter
  2263. sha1sum
  2264. sha1sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...
  2265. Print or check SHA1 checksums
  2266. -c Check sums against list in FILEs
  2267. -s Don't output anything, status code shows success
  2268. -w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
  2269. sha256sum
  2270. sha256sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...
  2271. Print or check SHA256 checksums
  2272. -c Check sums against list in FILEs
  2273. -s Don't output anything, status code shows success
  2274. -w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
  2275. sha3sum
  2276. sha3sum [-c[sw]] [-a BITS] [FILE]...
  2277. Print or check SHA3 checksums
  2278. -c Check sums against list in FILEs
  2279. -s Don't output anything, status code shows success
  2280. -w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
  2281. -a BITS 224 (default), 256, 384, 512
  2282. sha512sum
  2283. sha512sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...
  2284. Print or check SHA512 checksums
  2285. -c Check sums against list in FILEs
  2286. -s Don't output anything, status code shows success
  2287. -w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
  2288. showkey
  2289. showkey [-a | -k | -s]
  2290. Show keys pressed
  2291. -a Display decimal/octal/hex values of the keys
  2292. -k Display interpreted keycodes (default)
  2293. -s Display raw scan-codes
  2294. shred
  2295. shred FILE...
  2296. Overwrite/delete FILEs
  2297. -f Chmod to ensure writability
  2298. -n N Overwrite N times (default 3)
  2299. -z Final overwrite with zeros
  2300. -u Remove file
  2301. shuf
  2302. shuf [-e|-i L-H] [-n NUM] [-o FILE] [-z] [FILE|ARG...]
  2303. Randomly permute lines
  2304. -e Treat ARGs as lines
  2305. -i L-H Treat numbers L-H as lines
  2306. -n NUM Output at most NUM lines
  2307. -o FILE Write to FILE, not standard output
  2308. -z End lines with zero byte, not newline
  2309. slattach
  2310. slattach [-ehmLF] [-c SCRIPT] [-s BAUD] [-p PROTOCOL] SERIAL_DEVICE
  2311. Configure serial line as SLIP network interface
  2312. -p PROT Protocol: slip, cslip (default), slip6, clisp6, adaptive
  2313. -s BAUD Line speed
  2314. -e Exit after initialization
  2315. -h Exit if carrier is lost (else never exits)
  2316. -c PROG Run PROG on carrier loss
  2317. -m Do NOT set raw 8bit mode
  2318. -L Enable 3-wire operation
  2319. -F Disable RTS/CTS flow control
  2320. sleep
  2321. sleep [N]...
  2322. Pause for a time equal to the total of the args given, where each
  2323. arg can have an optional suffix of (s)econds, (m)inutes, (h)ours, or
  2324. (d)ays
  2325. smemcap
  2326. smemcap >SMEMDATA.TAR
  2327. Collect memory usage data in /proc and write it to stdout
  2328. softlimit
  2329. softlimit [-a BYTES] [-m BYTES] [-d BYTES] [-s BYTES] [-l BYTES] [-f
  2330. BYTES] [-c BYTES] [-r BYTES] [-o N] [-p N] [-t N] PROG ARGS
  2331. Set soft resource limits, then run PROG
  2332. -a BYTES Limit total size of all segments
  2333. -m BYTES Same as -d BYTES -s BYTES -l BYTES -a BYTES
  2334. -d BYTES Limit data segment
  2335. -s BYTES Limit stack segment
  2336. -l BYTES Limit locked memory size
  2337. -o N Limit number of open files per process
  2338. -p N Limit number of processes per uid
  2339. Options controlling file sizes:
  2340. -f BYTES Limit output file sizes
  2341. -c BYTES Limit core file size
  2342. Efficiency opts:
  2343. -r BYTES Limit resident set size
  2344. -t N Limit CPU time, process receives
  2345. a SIGXCPU after N seconds
  2346. sort
  2347. sort [-nrugMcszbdfiokt] [-o FILE] [-k
  2348. start[.offset][opts][,end[.offset][opts]] [-t CHAR] [FILE]...
  2349. Sort lines of text
  2350. -o FILE Output to FILE
  2351. -c Check whether input is sorted
  2352. -b Ignore leading blanks
  2353. -f Ignore case
  2354. -i Ignore unprintable characters
  2355. -d Dictionary order (blank or alphanumeric only)
  2356. -g General numerical sort
  2357. -M Sort month
  2358. -n Sort numbers
  2359. -t CHAR Field separator
  2360. -k N[,M] Sort by Nth field
  2361. -r Reverse sort order
  2362. -s Stable (don't sort ties alphabetically)
  2363. -u Suppress duplicate lines
  2364. -z Lines are terminated by NUL, not newline
  2365. split
  2366. split [OPTIONS] [INPUT [PREFIX]]
  2367. -b N[k|m] Split by N (kilo|mega)bytes
  2368. -l N Split by N lines
  2369. -a N Use N letters as suffix
  2370. ssl_client
  2371. ssl_client -s FD [-r FD] [-n SNI]
  2372. start-stop-daemon
  2373. start-stop-daemon [OPTIONS] [-S|-K] ... [-- ARGS...]
  2374. Search for matching processes, and then -K: stop all matching
  2375. processes -S: start a process unless a matching process is found
  2376. Process matching:
  2377. -u USERNAME|UID Match only this user's processes
  2378. -n NAME Match processes with NAME
  2379. in comm field in /proc/PID/stat
  2380. -x EXECUTABLE Match processes with this command
  2381. command in /proc/PID/cmdline
  2382. -p FILE Match a process with PID from FILE
  2383. All specified conditions must match
  2384. -S only:
  2385. -x EXECUTABLE Program to run
  2386. -a NAME Zeroth argument
  2387. -b Background
  2388. -N N Change nice level
  2389. -c USER[:[GRP]] Change user/group
  2390. -m Write PID to pidfile specified by -p
  2391. -K only:
  2392. -s SIG Signal to send
  2393. -t Match only, exit with 0 if found
  2394. Other:
  2395. -o Exit with status 0 if nothing is done
  2396. -v Verbose
  2397. -q Quiet
  2398. stat
  2399. stat [OPTIONS] FILE...
  2400. Display file (default) or filesystem status
  2401. -c FMT Use the specified format
  2402. -f Display filesystem status
  2403. -L Follow links
  2404. -t Terse display
  2405. FMT sequences for files:
  2406. %a Access rights in octal
  2407. %A Access rights in human readable form
  2408. %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B)
  2409. %B Size in bytes of each block reported by %b
  2410. %d Device number in decimal
  2411. %D Device number in hex
  2412. %f Raw mode in hex
  2413. %F File type
  2414. %g Group ID
  2415. %G Group name
  2416. %h Number of hard links
  2417. %i Inode number
  2418. %n File name
  2419. %N File name, with -> TARGET if symlink
  2420. %o I/O block size
  2421. %s Total size in bytes
  2422. %t Major device type in hex
  2423. %T Minor device type in hex
  2424. %u User ID
  2425. %U User name
  2426. %x Time of last access
  2427. %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch
  2428. %y Time of last modification
  2429. %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch
  2430. %z Time of last change
  2431. %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch
  2432. FMT sequences for file systems:
  2433. %a Free blocks available to non-superuser
  2434. %b Total data blocks
  2435. %c Total file nodes
  2436. %d Free file nodes
  2437. %f Free blocks
  2438. %i File System ID in hex
  2439. %l Maximum length of filenames
  2440. %n File name
  2441. %s Block size (for faster transfer)
  2442. %S Fundamental block size (for block counts)
  2443. %t Type in hex
  2444. %T Type in human readable form
  2445. strings
  2446. strings [-fo] [-t o/d/x] [-n LEN] [FILE]...
  2447. Display printable strings in a binary file
  2448. -f Precede strings with filenames
  2449. -o Precede strings with octal offsets
  2450. -t o/d/x Precede strings with offsets in base 8/10/16
  2451. -n LEN At least LEN characters form a string (default 4)
  2452. stty
  2453. stty [-a|g] [-F DEVICE] [SETTING]...
  2454. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations
  2455. from stty sane
  2456. -F DEVICE Open device instead of stdin
  2457. -a Print all current settings in human-readable form
  2458. -g Print in stty-readable form
  2459. [SETTING] See manpage
  2460. su su [-lmp] [-] [-s SH] [USER [SCRIPT ARGS / -c 'CMD' ARG0 ARGS]]
  2461. Run shell under USER (by default, root)
  2462. -,-l Clear environment, go to home dir, run shell as login shell
  2463. -p,-m Do not set new $HOME, $SHELL, $USER, $LOGNAME
  2464. -c CMD Command to pass to 'sh -c'
  2465. -s SH Shell to use instead of user's default
  2466. sulogin
  2467. sulogin [-t N] [TTY]
  2468. Single user login
  2469. -t N Timeout
  2470. sum sum [-rs] [FILE]...
  2471. Checksum and count the blocks in a file
  2472. -r Use BSD sum algorithm (1K blocks)
  2473. -s Use System V sum algorithm (512byte blocks)
  2474. sv sv [-v] [-w SEC] CMD SERVICE_DIR...
  2475. Control services monitored by runsv supervisor. Commands (only first
  2476. character is enough):
  2477. status: query service status up: if service isn't running, start it.
  2478. If service stops, restart it once: like 'up', but if service stops,
  2479. don't restart it down: send TERM and CONT signals. If ./run exits,
  2480. start ./finish if it exists. After it stops, don't restart service
  2481. exit: send TERM and CONT signals to service and log service. If they
  2482. exit, runsv exits too pause, cont, hup, alarm, interrupt, quit, 1,
  2483. 2, term, kill: send STOP, CONT, HUP, ALRM, INT, QUIT, USR1, USR2,
  2484. TERM, KILL signal to service
  2485. svc svc [-udopchaitkx] SERVICE_DIR...
  2486. Control services monitored by runsv supervisor
  2487. -u If service is not running, start it; restart if it stops
  2488. -d If service is running, send TERM+CONT signals; do not restart it
  2489. -o Once: if service is not running, start it; do not restart it
  2490. -pchaitk Send STOP, CONT, HUP, ALRM, INT, TERM, KILL signal to service
  2491. -x Exit: runsv will exit as soon as the service is down
  2492. svlogd
  2493. svlogd [-tttv] [-r C] [-R CHARS] [-l MATCHLEN] [-b BUFLEN] DIR...
  2494. Read log data from stdin and write to rotated log files in DIRs
  2495. -r C Replace non-printable characters with C -R CHARS Also replace
  2496. CHARS with C (default _) -t Timestamp with @tai64n -tt Timestamp
  2497. with yyyy-mm-dd_hh:mm:ss.sssss -ttt Timestamp with
  2498. yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss.sssss -v Verbose
  2499. DIR/config file modifies behavior: sSIZE - when to rotate logs
  2500. (default 1000000, 0 disables) nNUM - number of files to retain !PROG
  2501. - process rotated log with PROG +,-PATTERN - (de)select line for
  2502. logging E,ePATTERN - (de)select line for stderr
  2503. swapoff
  2504. swapoff [-a] [DEVICE]
  2505. Stop swapping on DEVICE
  2506. -a Stop swapping on all swap devices
  2507. swapon
  2508. swapon [-a] [-e] [-d[POL]] [-p PRI] [DEVICE]
  2509. Start swapping on DEVICE
  2510. -a Start swapping on all swap devices
  2511. -d[POL] Discard blocks at swapon (POL=once),
  2512. as freed (POL=pages), or both (POL omitted)
  2513. -e Silently skip devices that do not exist
  2514. -p PRI Set swap device priority
  2515. switch_root
  2516. switch_root [-c CONSOLE_DEV] NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT [ARGS]
  2517. Free initramfs and switch to another root fs:
  2518. chroot to NEW_ROOT, delete all in /, move NEW_ROOT to /, execute
  2519. NEW_INIT. PID must be 1. NEW_ROOT must be a mountpoint.
  2520. -c DEV Reopen stdio to DEV after switch
  2521. sync
  2522. sync [-df] [FILE]...
  2523. Write all buffered blocks (in FILEs) to disk -d Avoid syncing
  2524. metadata -f Sync filesystems underlying FILEs
  2525. sysctl
  2526. sysctl -p [-enq] [FILE...] / [-enqaw] [KEY[=VALUE]]...
  2527. Show/set kernel parameters
  2528. -p Set values from FILEs (default /etc/sysctl.conf)
  2529. -e Don't warn about unknown keys
  2530. -n Don't show key names
  2531. -q Quiet
  2532. -a Show all values
  2533. -w Set values
  2534. syslogd
  2535. syslogd [OPTIONS]
  2536. System logging utility
  2537. -n Run in foreground
  2538. -R HOST[:PORT] Log to HOST:PORT (default PORT:514)
  2539. -L Log locally and via network (default is network only if -R)
  2540. -C[size_kb] Log to shared mem buffer (use logread to read it)
  2541. -K Log to kernel printk buffer (use dmesg to read it)
  2542. -O FILE Log to FILE (default: /var/log/messages, stdout if -)
  2543. -s SIZE Max size (KB) before rotation (default 200KB, 0=off)
  2544. -b N N rotated logs to keep (default 1, max 99, 0=purge)
  2545. -l N Log only messages more urgent than prio N (1-8)
  2546. -S Smaller output
  2547. -D Drop duplicates
  2548. -f FILE Use FILE as config (default:/etc/syslog.conf)
  2549. tac tac [FILE]...
  2550. Concatenate FILEs and print them in reverse
  2551. tail
  2552. tail [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
  2553. Print last 10 lines of each FILE (or stdin) to stdout. With more
  2554. than one FILE, precede each with a filename header.
  2555. -f Print data as file grows
  2556. -c [+]N[kbm] Print last N bytes
  2557. -n N[kbm] Print last N lines
  2558. -n +N[kbm] Start on Nth line and print the rest
  2559. -q Never print headers
  2560. -s SECONDS Wait SECONDS between reads with -f
  2561. -v Always print headers
  2562. -F Same as -f, but keep retrying
  2563. N may be suffixed by k (x1024), b (x512), or m (x1024^2).
  2564. tar tar c|x|t [-zJjahmvO] [-f TARFILE] [-C DIR] [-T FILE] [-X FILE]
  2565. [--exclude PATTERN]... [FILE]...
  2566. Create, extract, or list files from a tar file
  2567. Operation:
  2568. c Create
  2569. x Extract
  2570. t List
  2571. -f FILE Name of TARFILE ('-' for stdin/out)
  2572. -C DIR Change to DIR before operation
  2573. -v Verbose
  2574. -z (De)compress using gzip
  2575. -J (De)compress using xz
  2576. -j (De)compress using bzip2
  2577. -a (De)compress using lzma
  2578. -O Extract to stdout
  2579. -h Follow symlinks
  2580. -m Don't restore mtime
  2581. -T FILE File with names to include
  2582. -X FILE File with glob patterns to exclude
  2583. --exclude PATTERN Glob pattern to exclude
  2584. taskset
  2585. taskset [-p] [HEXMASK] PID | PROG ARGS
  2586. Set or get CPU affinity
  2587. -p Operate on an existing PID
  2588. tcpsvd
  2589. tcpsvd [-hEv] [-c N] [-C N[:MSG]] [-b N] [-u USER] [-l NAME] IP PORT
  2590. PROG
  2591. Create TCP socket, bind to IP:PORT and listen for incoming
  2592. connections. Run PROG for each connection.
  2593. IP PORT IP:PORT to listen on
  2594. PROG ARGS Program to run
  2595. -u USER[:GRP] Change to user/group after bind
  2596. -c N Up to N connections simultaneously (default 30)
  2597. -b N Allow backlog of approximately N TCP SYNs (default 20)
  2598. -C N[:MSG] Allow only up to N connections from the same IP:
  2599. new connections from this IP address are closed
  2600. immediately, MSG is written to the peer before close
  2601. -E Don't set up environment
  2602. -h Look up peer's hostname
  2603. -l NAME Local hostname (else look up local hostname in DNS)
  2604. -v Verbose
  2605. Environment if no -E: PROTO='TCP' TCPREMOTEADDR='ip:port'
  2606. ('[ip]:port' for IPv6) TCPLOCALADDR='ip:port'
  2607. TCPORIGDSTADDR='ip:port' of destination before firewall Useful for
  2608. REDIRECTed-to-local connections: iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p
  2609. tcp --dport 80 -j REDIRECT --to 8080
  2610. TCPCONCURRENCY=num_of_connects_from_this_ip If -h:
  2611. TCPLOCALHOST='hostname' (-l NAME is used if specified)
  2612. TCPREMOTEHOST='hostname'
  2613. tee tee [-ai] [FILE]...
  2614. Copy stdin to each FILE, and also to stdout
  2615. -a Append to the given FILEs, don't overwrite
  2616. -i Ignore interrupt signals (SIGINT)
  2617. telnet
  2618. telnet [-a] [-l USER] HOST [PORT]
  2619. Connect to telnet server
  2620. -a Automatic login with $USER variable
  2621. -l USER Automatic login as USER
  2622. telnetd
  2623. telnetd [OPTIONS]
  2624. Handle incoming telnet connections
  2625. -l LOGIN Exec LOGIN on connect
  2626. -f ISSUE_FILE Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue
  2627. -K Close connection as soon as login exits
  2628. (normally wait until all programs close slave pty)
  2629. -p PORT Port to listen on
  2630. -b ADDR[:PORT] Address to bind to
  2631. -F Run in foreground
  2632. -i Inetd mode
  2633. -w SEC Inetd 'wait' mode, linger time SEC
  2634. -S Log to syslog (implied by -i or without -F and -w)
  2635. tftp
  2636. tftp [OPTIONS] HOST [PORT]
  2637. Transfer a file from/to tftp server
  2638. -l FILE Local FILE
  2639. -r FILE Remote FILE
  2640. -g Get file
  2641. -p Put file
  2642. -b SIZE Transfer blocks of SIZE octets
  2643. tftpd
  2644. tftpd [-cr] [-u USER] [DIR]
  2645. Transfer a file on tftp client's request
  2646. tftpd should be used as an inetd service. tftpd's line for
  2647. inetd.conf: 69 dgram udp nowait root tftpd tftpd -l /files/to/serve
  2648. It also can be ran from udpsvd:
  2649. udpsvd -vE 0.0.0.0 69 tftpd /files/to/serve
  2650. -r Prohibit upload
  2651. -c Allow file creation via upload
  2652. -u Access files as USER
  2653. -l Log to syslog (inetd mode requires this)
  2654. time
  2655. time [-vpa] [-o FILE] PROG ARGS
  2656. Run PROG, display resource usage when it exits
  2657. -v Verbose
  2658. -p POSIX output format
  2659. -f FMT Custom format
  2660. -o FILE Write result to FILE
  2661. -a Append (else overwrite)
  2662. timeout
  2663. timeout [-t SECS] [-s SIG] PROG ARGS
  2664. Runs PROG. Sends SIG to it if it is not gone in SECS seconds.
  2665. Defaults: SECS: 10, SIG: TERM.
  2666. top top [-b] [-nCOUNT] [-dSECONDS] [-m]
  2667. Provide a view of process activity in real time. Read the status of
  2668. all processes from /proc each SECONDS and display a screenful of
  2669. them. Keys:
  2670. N/M/P/T: show CPU usage, sort by pid/mem/cpu/time
  2671. S: show memory
  2672. R: reverse sort
  2673. H: toggle threads, 1: toggle SMP
  2674. Q,^C: exit
  2675. Options:
  2676. -b Batch mode
  2677. -n N Exit after N iterations
  2678. -d N Delay between updates
  2679. -m Same as 's' key
  2680. touch
  2681. touch [-c] [-d DATE] [-t DATE] [-r FILE] FILE...
  2682. Update the last-modified date on the given FILE[s]
  2683. -c Don't create files
  2684. -h Don't follow links
  2685. -d DT Date/time to use
  2686. -t DT Date/time to use
  2687. -r FILE Use FILE's date/time
  2688. tr tr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2]
  2689. Translate, squeeze, or delete characters from stdin, writing to
  2690. stdout
  2691. -c Take complement of STRING1
  2692. -d Delete input characters coded STRING1
  2693. -s Squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character
  2694. traceroute
  2695. traceroute [-46FIlnrv] [-f 1ST_TTL] [-m MAXTTL] [-q PROBES] [-p
  2696. PORT] [-t TOS] [-w WAIT_SEC] [-s SRC_IP] [-i IFACE] [-z PAUSE_MSEC]
  2697. HOST [BYTES]
  2698. Trace the route to HOST
  2699. -4,-6 Force IP or IPv6 name resolution
  2700. -F Set don't fragment bit
  2701. -I Use ICMP ECHO instead of UDP datagrams
  2702. -l Display TTL value of the returned packet
  2703. -n Print numeric addresses
  2704. -r Bypass routing tables, send directly to HOST
  2705. -v Verbose
  2706. -f N First number of hops (default 1)
  2707. -m N Max number of hops
  2708. -q N Number of probes per hop (default 3)
  2709. -p N Base UDP port number used in probes
  2710. (default 33434)
  2711. -s IP Source address
  2712. -i IFACE Source interface
  2713. -t N Type-of-service in probe packets (default 0)
  2714. -w SEC Time to wait for a response (default 3)
  2715. -g IP Loose source route gateway (8 max)
  2716. traceroute6
  2717. traceroute6 [-nrv] [-m MAXTTL] [-q PROBES] [-p PORT] [-t TOS] [-w
  2718. WAIT_SEC] [-s SRC_IP] [-i IFACE] HOST [BYTES]
  2719. Trace the route to HOST
  2720. -n Print numeric addresses
  2721. -r Bypass routing tables, send directly to HOST
  2722. -v Verbose
  2723. -m N Max number of hops
  2724. -q N Number of probes per hop (default 3)
  2725. -p N Base UDP port number used in probes
  2726. (default 33434)
  2727. -s IP Source address
  2728. -i IFACE Source interface
  2729. -t N Type-of-service in probe packets (default 0)
  2730. -w SEC Time wait for a response (default 3)
  2731. truncate
  2732. truncate [-c] -s SIZE FILE...
  2733. Truncate FILEs to the given size
  2734. -c Do not create files
  2735. -s SIZE Truncate to SIZE
  2736. tty tty
  2737. Print file name of stdin's terminal
  2738. -s Print nothing, only return exit status
  2739. ttysize
  2740. ttysize [w] [h]
  2741. Print dimensions of stdin tty, or 80x24
  2742. tunctl
  2743. tunctl [-f device] ([-t name] | -d name) [-u owner] [-g group] [-b]
  2744. Create or delete tun interfaces
  2745. -f name tun device (/dev/net/tun)
  2746. -t name Create iface 'name'
  2747. -d name Delete iface 'name'
  2748. -u owner Set iface owner
  2749. -g group Set iface group
  2750. -b Brief output
  2751. ubiattach
  2752. ubiattach -m MTD_NUM [-d UBI_NUM] [-O VID_HDR_OFF] UBI_CTRL_DEV
  2753. Attach MTD device to UBI
  2754. -m MTD_NUM MTD device number to attach
  2755. -d UBI_NUM UBI device number to assign
  2756. -O VID_HDR_OFF VID header offset
  2757. ubidetach
  2758. ubidetach -d UBI_NUM UBI_CTRL_DEV
  2759. Detach MTD device from UBI
  2760. -d UBI_NUM UBI device number
  2761. ubimkvol
  2762. ubimkvol -N NAME [-s SIZE | -m] UBI_DEVICE
  2763. Create UBI volume
  2764. -a ALIGNMENT Volume alignment (default 1)
  2765. -m Set volume size to maximum available
  2766. -n VOLID Volume ID. If not specified,
  2767. assigned automatically
  2768. -N NAME Volume name
  2769. -s SIZE Size in bytes
  2770. -t TYPE Volume type (static|dynamic)
  2771. ubirename
  2772. ubirename UBI_DEVICE OLD_VOLNAME NEW_VOLNAME [OLD2 NEW2]...
  2773. Rename UBI volumes on UBI_DEVICE
  2774. ubirmvol
  2775. ubirmvol -n VOLID / -N VOLNAME UBI_DEVICE
  2776. Remove UBI volume
  2777. -n VOLID Volume ID
  2778. -N VOLNAME Volume name
  2779. ubirsvol
  2780. ubirsvol -n VOLID -s SIZE UBI_DEVICE
  2781. Resize UBI volume
  2782. -n VOLID Volume ID
  2783. -s SIZE Size in bytes
  2784. ubiupdatevol
  2785. ubiupdatevol -t UBI_DEVICE | [-s SIZE] UBI_DEVICE IMG_FILE
  2786. Update UBI volume
  2787. -t Truncate to zero size
  2788. -s SIZE Size in bytes to resize to
  2789. udhcpc
  2790. udhcpc [-fbqvRB] [-a[MSEC]] [-t N] [-T SEC] [-A SEC/-n] [-i IFACE]
  2791. [-s PROG] [-p PIDFILE] [-oC] [-r IP] [-V VENDOR] [-F NAME] [-x
  2792. OPT:VAL]... [-O OPT]...
  2793. -i IFACE Interface to use (default eth0)
  2794. -s PROG Run PROG at DHCP events (default /usr/share/udhcpc/default.script)
  2795. -p FILE Create pidfile
  2796. -B Request broadcast replies
  2797. -t N Send up to N discover packets (default 3)
  2798. -T SEC Pause between packets (default 3)
  2799. -A SEC Wait if lease is not obtained (default 20)
  2800. -n Exit if lease is not obtained
  2801. -q Exit after obtaining lease
  2802. -R Release IP on exit
  2803. -f Run in foreground
  2804. -b Background if lease is not obtained
  2805. -S Log to syslog too
  2806. -a[MSEC] Validate offered address with ARP ping
  2807. -r IP Request this IP address
  2808. -o Don't request any options (unless -O is given)
  2809. -O OPT Request option OPT from server (cumulative)
  2810. -x OPT:VAL Include option OPT in sent packets (cumulative)
  2811. Examples of string, numeric, and hex byte opts:
  2812. -x hostname:bbox - option 12
  2813. -x lease:3600 - option 51 (lease time)
  2814. -x 0x3d:0100BEEFC0FFEE - option 61 (client id)
  2815. -F NAME Ask server to update DNS mapping for NAME
  2816. -V VENDOR Vendor identifier (default 'udhcp VERSION')
  2817. -C Don't send MAC as client identifier
  2818. -v Verbose
  2819. Signals:
  2820. USR1 Renew lease
  2821. USR2 Release lease
  2822. udhcpd
  2823. udhcpd [-fS] [-I ADDR] [CONFFILE]
  2824. DHCP server
  2825. -f Run in foreground
  2826. -S Log to syslog too
  2827. -I ADDR Local address
  2828. -a MSEC Timeout for ARP ping (default 2000)
  2829. udpsvd
  2830. udpsvd [-hEv] [-c N] [-u USER] [-l NAME] IP PORT PROG
  2831. Create UDP socket, bind to IP:PORT and wait for incoming packets.
  2832. Run PROG for each packet, redirecting all further packets with same
  2833. peer ip:port to it.
  2834. IP PORT IP:PORT to listen on
  2835. PROG ARGS Program to run
  2836. -u USER[:GRP] Change to user/group after bind
  2837. -c N Up to N connections simultaneously (default 30)
  2838. -E Don't set up environment
  2839. -h Look up peer's hostname
  2840. -l NAME Local hostname (else look up local hostname in DNS)
  2841. -v Verbose
  2842. Environment if no -E: PROTO='UDP' UDPREMOTEADDR='ip:port'
  2843. ('[ip]:port' for IPv6) UDPLOCALADDR='ip:port' If -h:
  2844. UDPLOCALHOST='hostname' (-l NAME is used if specified)
  2845. UDPREMOTEHOST='hostname'
  2846. uevent
  2847. uevent [PROG [ARGS]]
  2848. uevent runs PROG for every netlink notification. PROG's environment
  2849. contains data passed from the kernel. Typical usage (daemon for
  2850. dynamic device node creation): # uevent mdev & mdev -s
  2851. umount
  2852. umount [OPTIONS] FILESYSTEM|DIRECTORY
  2853. Unmount file systems
  2854. -a Unmount all file systems
  2855. -r Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
  2856. -l Lazy umount (detach filesystem)
  2857. -f Force umount (i.e., unreachable NFS server)
  2858. -d Free loop device if it has been used
  2859. uname
  2860. uname [-amnrspvio]
  2861. Print system information
  2862. -a Print all
  2863. -m The machine (hardware) type
  2864. -n Hostname
  2865. -r Kernel release
  2866. -s Kernel name (default)
  2867. -p Processor type
  2868. -v Kernel version
  2869. -i The hardware platform
  2870. -o OS name
  2871. unexpand
  2872. unexpand [-fa][-t N] [FILE]...
  2873. Convert spaces to tabs, writing to stdout
  2874. -a Convert all blanks
  2875. -f Convert only leading blanks
  2876. -t N Tabstops every N chars
  2877. uniq
  2878. uniq [-cdu][-f,s,w N] [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
  2879. Discard duplicate lines
  2880. -c Prefix lines by the number of occurrences
  2881. -d Only print duplicate lines
  2882. -u Only print unique lines
  2883. -i Ignore case
  2884. -f N Skip first N fields
  2885. -s N Skip first N chars (after any skipped fields)
  2886. -w N Compare N characters in line
  2887. unix2dos
  2888. unix2dos [-ud] [FILE]
  2889. Convert FILE in-place from Unix to DOS format. When no file is
  2890. given, use stdin/stdout.
  2891. -u dos2unix
  2892. -d unix2dos
  2893. unlink
  2894. unlink FILE
  2895. Delete FILE by calling unlink()
  2896. unlzma
  2897. unlzma [-cfk] [FILE]...
  2898. Decompress FILE (or stdin)
  2899. -c Write to stdout
  2900. -f Force
  2901. -k Keep input files
  2902. unshare
  2903. unshare [OPTIONS] [PROG [ARGS]]
  2904. -m,--mount[=FILE] Unshare mount namespace
  2905. -u,--uts[=FILE] Unshare UTS namespace (hostname etc.)
  2906. -i,--ipc[=FILE] Unshare System V IPC namespace
  2907. -n,--net[=FILE] Unshare network namespace
  2908. -p,--pid[=FILE] Unshare PID namespace
  2909. -U,--user[=FILE] Unshare user namespace
  2910. -f,--fork Fork before execing PROG
  2911. -r,--map-root-user Map current user to root (implies -U)
  2912. --mount-proc[=DIR] Mount /proc filesystem first (implies -m)
  2913. --propagation slave|shared|private|unchanged
  2914. Modify mount propagation in mount namespace
  2915. --setgroups allow|deny Control the setgroups syscall in user namespaces
  2916. unxz
  2917. unxz [-cfk] [FILE]...
  2918. Decompress FILE (or stdin)
  2919. -c Write to stdout
  2920. -f Force
  2921. -k Keep input files
  2922. unzip
  2923. unzip [-lnojpq] FILE[.zip] [FILE]... [-x FILE...] [-d DIR]
  2924. Extract FILEs from ZIP archive
  2925. -l List contents (with -q for short form)
  2926. -n Never overwrite files (default: ask)
  2927. -o Overwrite
  2928. -j Do not restore paths
  2929. -p Print to stdout
  2930. -q Quiet
  2931. -x FILE Exclude FILEs
  2932. -d DIR Extract into DIR
  2933. uptime
  2934. uptime
  2935. Display the time since the last boot
  2936. users
  2937. users
  2938. Print the users currently logged on
  2939. usleep
  2940. usleep N
  2941. Pause for N microseconds
  2942. uudecode
  2943. uudecode [-o OUTFILE] [INFILE]
  2944. Uudecode a file Finds OUTFILE in uuencoded source unless -o is given
  2945. uuencode
  2946. uuencode [-m] [FILE] STORED_FILENAME
  2947. Uuencode FILE (or stdin) to stdout
  2948. -m Use base64 encoding per RFC1521
  2949. vconfig
  2950. vconfig COMMAND [OPTIONS]
  2951. Create and remove virtual ethernet devices
  2952. add IFACE VLAN_ID
  2953. rem VLAN_NAME
  2954. set_flag IFACE 0|1 VLAN_QOS
  2955. set_egress_map VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS
  2956. set_ingress_map VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS
  2957. set_name_type NAME_TYPE
  2958. vi vi [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
  2959. Edit FILE
  2960. -c CMD Initial command to run ($EXINIT also available)
  2961. -R Read-only
  2962. -H List available features
  2963. vlock
  2964. vlock [-a]
  2965. Lock a virtual terminal. A password is required to unlock.
  2966. -a Lock all VTs
  2967. volname
  2968. volname [DEVICE]
  2969. Show CD volume name of the DEVICE (default /dev/cdrom)
  2970. w w
  2971. Show who is logged on
  2972. wall
  2973. wall [FILE]
  2974. Write content of FILE or stdin to all logged-in users
  2975. watch
  2976. watch [-n SEC] [-t] PROG ARGS
  2977. Run PROG periodically
  2978. -n Loop period in seconds (default 2)
  2979. -t Don't print header
  2980. watchdog
  2981. watchdog [-t N[ms]] [-T N[ms]] [-F] DEV
  2982. Periodically write to watchdog device DEV
  2983. -T N Reboot after N seconds if not reset (default 60)
  2984. -t N Reset every N seconds (default 30)
  2985. -F Run in foreground
  2986. Use 500ms to specify period in milliseconds
  2987. wc wc [-cmlwL] [FILE]...
  2988. Count lines, words, and bytes for each FILE (or stdin)
  2989. -c Count bytes
  2990. -m Count characters
  2991. -l Count newlines
  2992. -w Count words
  2993. -L Print longest line length
  2994. wget
  2995. wget [-c|--continue] [--spider] [-q|--quiet] [-O|--output-document
  2996. FILE] [--header 'header: value'] [-Y|--proxy on/off] [-P DIR]
  2997. [-S|--server-response] [-U|--user-agent AGENT] [-T SEC] URL...
  2998. Retrieve files via HTTP or FTP
  2999. --spider Only check URL existence: $? is 0 if exists
  3000. -c Continue retrieval of aborted transfer
  3001. -q Quiet
  3002. -P DIR Save to DIR (default .)
  3003. -S Show server response
  3004. -T SEC Network read timeout is SEC seconds
  3005. -O FILE Save to FILE ('-' for stdout)
  3006. -U STR Use STR for User-Agent header
  3007. -Y on/off Use proxy
  3008. which
  3009. which [COMMAND]...
  3010. Locate a COMMAND
  3011. who who [-a]
  3012. Show who is logged on
  3013. -a Show all
  3014. -H Print column headers
  3015. whoami
  3016. whoami
  3017. Print the user name associated with the current effective user id
  3018. whois
  3019. whois [-i] [-h SERVER] [-p PORT] NAME...
  3020. Query WHOIS info about NAME
  3021. -i Show redirect results too
  3022. -h,-p Server to query
  3023. xargs
  3024. xargs [OPTIONS] [PROG ARGS]
  3025. Run PROG on every item given by stdin
  3026. -p Ask user whether to run each command
  3027. -r Don't run command if input is empty
  3028. -0 Input is separated by NUL characters
  3029. -a FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin
  3030. -t Print the command on stderr before execution
  3031. -e[STR] STR stops input processing
  3032. -n N Pass no more than N args to PROG
  3033. -s N Pass command line of no more than N bytes
  3034. -I STR Replace STR within PROG ARGS with input line
  3035. -P N Run up to N PROGs in parallel
  3036. -x Exit if size is exceeded
  3037. xxd xxd [OPTIONS] [FILE]
  3038. Hex dump FILE (or stdin)
  3039. -g N Bytes per group
  3040. -c N Bytes per line
  3041. -p Show only hex bytes, assumes -c30
  3042. -l LENGTH Show only first LENGTH bytes
  3043. -s OFFSET Skip OFFSET bytes
  3044. xz xz -d [-cfk] [FILE]...
  3045. Decompress FILE (or stdin)
  3046. -d Decompress
  3047. -c Write to stdout
  3048. -f Force
  3049. -k Keep input files
  3050. xzcat
  3051. xzcat [FILE]...
  3052. Decompress to stdout
  3053. yes yes [STRING]
  3054. Repeatedly output a line with STRING, or 'y'
  3055. zcat
  3056. zcat [FILE]...
  3057. Decompress to stdout
  3058. zcip
  3059. zcip [OPTIONS] IFACE SCRIPT
  3060. Manage a ZeroConf IPv4 link-local address
  3061. -f Run in foreground
  3062. -q Quit after obtaining address
  3063. -r 169.254.x.x Request this address first
  3064. -l x.x.0.0 Use this range instead of 169.254
  3065. -v Verbose
  3066. $LOGGING=none Suppress logging $LOGGING=syslog Log to syslog
  3067. With no -q, runs continuously monitoring for ARP conflicts, exits
  3068. only on I/O errors (link down etc)
  3069. LIBC NSS
  3070. GNU Libc (glibc) uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the
  3071. behavior of the C library for the local environment, and to configure
  3072. how it reads system data, such as passwords and group information. This
  3073. is implemented using an /etc/nsswitch.conf configuration file, and using
  3074. one or more of the /lib/libnss_* libraries. BusyBox tries to avoid using
  3075. any libc calls that make use of NSS. Some applets however, such as login
  3076. and su, will use libc functions that require NSS.
  3077. If you enable CONFIG_USE_BB_PWD_GRP, BusyBox will use internal functions
  3078. to directly access the /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/shadow files
  3079. without using NSS. This may allow you to run your system without the
  3080. need for installing any of the NSS configuration files and libraries.
  3081. When used with glibc, the BusyBox 'networking' applets will similarly
  3082. require that you install at least some of the glibc NSS stuff (in
  3083. particular, /etc/nsswitch.conf, /lib/libnss_dns*, /lib/libnss_files*,
  3084. and /lib/libresolv*).
  3085. Shameless Plug: As an alternative, one could use a C library such as
  3086. uClibc. In addition to making your system significantly smaller, uClibc
  3087. does not require the use of any NSS support files or libraries.
  3088. MAINTAINER
  3089. Denis Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
  3090. AUTHORS
  3091. The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know
  3092. it or not. If you have written code included in BusyBox, you should
  3093. probably be listed here so you can obtain your bit of eternal glory. If
  3094. you should be listed here, or the description of what you have done
  3095. needs more detail, or is incorrect, please send in an update.
  3096. Emanuele Aina <emanuele.aina@tiscali.it> run-parts
  3097. Erik Andersen <andersen@codepoet.org>
  3098. Tons of new stuff, major rewrite of most of the
  3099. core apps, tons of new apps as noted in header files.
  3100. Lots of tedious effort writing these boring docs that
  3101. nobody is going to actually read.
  3102. Laurence Anderson <l.d.anderson@warwick.ac.uk>
  3103. rpm2cpio, unzip, get_header_cpio, read_gz interface, rpm
  3104. Jeff Angielski <jeff@theptrgroup.com>
  3105. ftpput, ftpget
  3106. Edward Betts <edward@debian.org>
  3107. expr, hostid, logname, whoami
  3108. John Beppu <beppu@codepoet.org>
  3109. du, nslookup, sort
  3110. Brian Candler <B.Candler@pobox.com>
  3111. tiny-ls(ls)
  3112. Randolph Chung <tausq@debian.org>
  3113. fbset, ping, hostname
  3114. Dave Cinege <dcinege@psychosis.com>
  3115. more(v2), makedevs, dutmp, modularization, auto links file,
  3116. various fixes, Linux Router Project maintenance
  3117. Jordan Crouse <jordan@cosmicpenguin.net>
  3118. ipcalc
  3119. Magnus Damm <damm@opensource.se>
  3120. tftp client insmod powerpc support
  3121. Larry Doolittle <ldoolitt@recycle.lbl.gov>
  3122. pristine source directory compilation, lots of patches and fixes.
  3123. Glenn Engel <glenne@engel.org>
  3124. httpd
  3125. Gennady Feldman <gfeldman@gena01.com>
  3126. Sysklogd (single threaded syslogd, IPC Circular buffer support,
  3127. logread), various fixes.
  3128. Karl M. Hegbloom <karlheg@debian.org>
  3129. cp_mv.c, the test suite, various fixes to utility.c, &c.
  3130. Daniel Jacobowitz <dan@debian.org>
  3131. mktemp.c
  3132. Matt Kraai <kraai@alumni.cmu.edu>
  3133. documentation, bugfixes, test suite
  3134. Stephan Linz <linz@li-pro.net>
  3135. ipcalc, Red Hat equivalence
  3136. John Lombardo <john@deltanet.com>
  3137. tr
  3138. Glenn McGrath <bug1@iinet.net.au>
  3139. Common unarchiving code and unarchiving applets, ifupdown, ftpgetput,
  3140. nameif, sed, patch, fold, install, uudecode.
  3141. Various bugfixes, review and apply numerous patches.
  3142. Manuel Novoa III <mjn3@codepoet.org>
  3143. cat, head, mkfifo, mknod, rmdir, sleep, tee, tty, uniq, usleep, wc, yes,
  3144. mesg, vconfig, make_directory, parse_mode, dirname, mode_string,
  3145. get_last_path_component, simplify_path, and a number trivial libbb routines
  3146. also bug fixes, partial rewrites, and size optimizations in
  3147. ash, basename, cal, cmp, cp, df, du, echo, env, ln, logname, md5sum, mkdir,
  3148. mv, realpath, rm, sort, tail, touch, uname, watch, arith, human_readable,
  3149. interface, dutmp, ifconfig, route
  3150. Vladimir Oleynik <dzo@simtreas.ru>
  3151. cmdedit; xargs(current), httpd(current);
  3152. ports: ash, crond, fdisk, inetd, stty, traceroute, top;
  3153. locale, various fixes
  3154. and irreconcilable critic of everything not perfect.
  3155. Bruce Perens <bruce@pixar.com>
  3156. Original author of BusyBox in 1995, 1996. Some of his code can
  3157. still be found hiding here and there...
  3158. Tim Riker <Tim@Rikers.org>
  3159. bug fixes, member of fan club
  3160. Kent Robotti <robotti@metconnect.com>
  3161. reset, tons and tons of bug reports and patches.
  3162. Chip Rosenthal <chip@unicom.com>, <crosenth@covad.com>
  3163. wget - Contributed by permission of Covad Communications
  3164. Pavel Roskin <proski@gnu.org>
  3165. Lots of bugs fixes and patches.
  3166. Gyepi Sam <gyepi@praxis-sw.com>
  3167. Remote logging feature for syslogd
  3168. Linus Torvalds <torvalds@transmeta.com>
  3169. mkswap, fsck.minix, mkfs.minix
  3170. Mark Whitley <markw@codepoet.org>
  3171. grep, sed, cut, xargs(previous),
  3172. style-guide, new-applet-HOWTO, bug fixes, etc.
  3173. Charles P. Wright <cpwright@villagenet.com>
  3174. gzip, mini-netcat(nc)
  3175. Enrique Zanardi <ezanardi@ull.es>
  3176. tarcat (since removed), loadkmap, various fixes, Debian maintenance
  3177. Tito Ragusa <farmatito@tiscali.it>
  3178. devfsd and size optimizations in strings, openvt and deallocvt.
  3179. Paul Fox <pgf@foxharp.boston.ma.us>
  3180. vi editing mode for ash, various other patches/fixes
  3181. Roberto A. Foglietta <me@roberto.foglietta.name>
  3182. port: dnsd
  3183. Bernhard Reutner-Fischer <rep.dot.nop@gmail.com>
  3184. misc
  3185. Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
  3186. initial e2fsprogs, printenv, setarch, sum, misc
  3187. Jie Zhang <jie.zhang@analog.com>
  3188. fixed two bugs in msh and hush (exitcode of killed processes)