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- NAME
- BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux
- SYNTAX
- busybox <applet> [arguments...] # or
- <applet> [arguments...] # if symlinked
- DESCRIPTION
- BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a
- single small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of
- the utilities you usually find in GNU coreutils, util-linux, etc. The
- utilities in BusyBox generally have fewer options than their
- full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options that are included
- provide the expected functionality and behave very much like their GNU
- counterparts.
- BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in
- mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude
- commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize
- your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add /dev, /etc,
- and a Linux kernel. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment
- for any small or embedded system.
- BusyBox is extremely configurable. This allows you to include only the
- components you need, thereby reducing binary size. Run 'make config' or
- 'make menuconfig' to select the functionality that you wish to enable.
- Then run 'make' to compile BusyBox using your configuration.
- After the compile has finished, you should use 'make install' to install
- BusyBox. This will install the 'bin/busybox' binary, in the target
- directory specified by CONFIG_PREFIX. CONFIG_PREFIX can be set when
- configuring BusyBox, or you can specify an alternative location at
- install time (i.e., with a command line like 'make
- CONFIG_PREFIX=/tmp/foo install'). If you enabled any applet installation
- scheme (either as symlinks or hardlinks), these will also be installed
- in the location pointed to by CONFIG_PREFIX.
- USAGE
- BusyBox is a multi-call binary. A multi-call binary is an executable
- program that performs the same job as more than one utility program.
- That means there is just a single BusyBox binary, but that single binary
- acts like a large number of utilities. This allows BusyBox to be smaller
- since all the built-in utility programs (we call them applets) can share
- code for many common operations.
- You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing a command as an argument on the
- command line. For example, entering
- /bin/busybox ls
- will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.
- Of course, adding '/bin/busybox' into every command would be painful. So
- most people will invoke BusyBox using links to the BusyBox binary.
- For example, entering
- ln -s /bin/busybox ls
- ./ls
- will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been
- compiled into BusyBox). Generally speaking, you should never need to
- make all these links yourself, as the BusyBox build system will do this
- for you when you run the 'make install' command.
- If you invoke BusyBox with no arguments, it will provide you with a list
- of the applets that have been compiled into your BusyBox binary.
- COMMON OPTIONS
- Most BusyBox applets support the --help argument to provide a terse
- runtime description of their behavior. If the
- CONFIG_FEATURE_VERBOSE_USAGE option has been enabled, more detailed
- usage information will also be available.
- COMMANDS
- Currently available applets include:
- [, [[, acpid, add-shell, addgroup, adduser, adjtimex, arch, arp,
- arping, ash, awk, base64, basename, beep, blkdiscard, blkid,
- blockdev, bootchartd, brctl, bunzip2, bzcat, bzip2, cal, cat, chat,
- chattr, chgrp, chmod, chown, chpasswd, chpst, chroot, chrt, chvt,
- cksum, clear, cmp, comm, conspy, cp, cpio, crond, crontab, cryptpw,
- cttyhack, cut, date, dc, dd, deallocvt, delgroup, deluser, depmod,
- devmem, df, dhcprelay, diff, dirname, dmesg, dnsd, dnsdomainname,
- dos2unix, dpkg, dpkg-deb, du, dumpkmap, dumpleases, echo, ed, egrep,
- eject, env, envdir, envuidgid, ether-wake, expand, expr, factor,
- fakeidentd, fallocate, false, fatattr, fbset, fbsplash, fdflush,
- fdformat, fdisk, fgconsole, fgrep, find, findfs, flock, fold, free,
- freeramdisk, fsck, fsck.minix, fsfreeze, fstrim, fsync, ftpd,
- ftpget, ftpput, fuser, getopt, getty, grep, groups, gunzip, gzip,
- halt, hd, hdparm, head, hexdump, hexedit, hostid, hostname, httpd,
- hush, hwclock, i2cdetect, i2cdump, i2cget, i2cset, id, ifconfig,
- ifdown, ifenslave, ifplugd, ifup, inetd, init, insmod, install,
- ionice, iostat, ip, ipaddr, ipcalc, ipcrm, ipcs, iplink, ipneigh,
- iproute, iprule, iptunnel, kbd_mode, kill, killall, killall5, klogd,
- last, less, link, linux32, linux64, linuxrc, ln, loadfont, loadkmap,
- logger, login, logname, logread, losetup, lpd, lpq, lpr, ls, lsattr,
- lsmod, lsof, lspci, lsscsi, lsusb, lzcat, lzma, lzop, makedevs,
- makemime, man, md5sum, mdev, mesg, microcom, mkdir, mkdosfs, mke2fs,
- mkfifo, mkfs.ext2, mkfs.minix, mkfs.vfat, mknod, mkpasswd, mkswap,
- mktemp, modinfo, modprobe, more, mount, mountpoint, mpstat, mt, mv,
- nameif, nanddump, nandwrite, nbd-client, nc, netstat, nice, nl,
- nmeter, nohup, nproc, nsenter, nslookup, ntpd, nuke, od, openvt,
- partprobe, passwd, paste, patch, pgrep, pidof, ping, ping6,
- pipe_progress, pivot_root, pkill, pmap, popmaildir, poweroff,
- powertop, printenv, printf, ps, pscan, pstree, pwd, pwdx,
- raidautorun, rdate, rdev, readahead, readlink, readprofile,
- realpath, reboot, reformime, remove-shell, renice, reset, resize,
- resume, rev, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, rpm, rpm2cpio, rtcwake,
- run-init, run-parts, runlevel, runsv, runsvdir, rx, script,
- scriptreplay, sed, sendmail, seq, setarch, setconsole, setfattr,
- setfont, setkeycodes, setlogcons, setpriv, setserial, setsid,
- setuidgid, sh, sha1sum, sha256sum, sha3sum, sha512sum, showkey,
- shred, shuf, slattach, sleep, smemcap, softlimit, sort, split,
- ssl_client, start-stop-daemon, stat, strings, stty, su, sulogin,
- sum, sv, svc, svlogd, swapoff, swapon, switch_root, sync, sysctl,
- syslogd, tac, tail, tar, taskset, tcpsvd, tee, telnet, telnetd,
- test, tftp, tftpd, time, timeout, top, touch, tr, traceroute,
- traceroute6, true, truncate, tty, ttysize, tunctl, ubiattach,
- ubidetach, ubimkvol, ubirename, ubirmvol, ubirsvol, ubiupdatevol,
- udhcpc, udhcpd, udpsvd, uevent, umount, uname, unexpand, uniq,
- unix2dos, unlink, unlzma, unshare, unxz, unzip, uptime, users,
- usleep, uudecode, uuencode, vconfig, vi, vlock, volname, w, wall,
- watch, watchdog, wc, wget, which, who, whoami, whois, xargs, xxd,
- xz, xzcat, yes, zcat, zcip
- COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS
- acpid
- acpid [-df] [-c CONFDIR] [-l LOGFILE] [-a ACTIONFILE] [-M MAPFILE]
- [-e PROC_EVENT_FILE] [-p PIDFILE]
- Listen to ACPI events and spawn specific helpers on event arrival
- -d Log to stderr, not log file (implies -f)
- -f Run in foreground
- -c DIR Config directory [/etc/acpi]
- -e FILE /proc event file [/proc/acpi/event]
- -l FILE Log file [/var/log/acpid.log]
- -p FILE Pid file [/var/run/acpid.pid]
- -a FILE Action file [/etc/acpid.conf]
- -M FILE Map file [/etc/acpi.map]
- Accept and ignore compatibility options -g -m -s -S -v
- add-shell
- add-shell SHELL...
- Add SHELLs to /etc/shells
- addgroup
- addgroup [-g GID] [-S] [USER] GROUP
- Add a group or add a user to a group
- -g GID Group id
- -S Create a system group
- adduser
- adduser [OPTIONS] USER [GROUP]
- Create new user, or add USER to GROUP
- -h DIR Home directory
- -g GECOS GECOS field
- -s SHELL Login shell
- -G GRP Group
- -S Create a system user
- -D Don't assign a password
- -H Don't create home directory
- -u UID User id
- -k SKEL Skeleton directory (/etc/skel)
- adjtimex
- adjtimex [-q] [-o OFF] [-f FREQ] [-p TCONST] [-t TICK]
- Read or set kernel time variables. See adjtimex(2)
- -q Quiet
- -o OFF Time offset, microseconds
- -f FREQ Frequency adjust, integer kernel units (65536 is 1ppm)
- -t TICK Microseconds per tick, usually 10000
- (positive -t or -f values make clock run faster)
- -p TCONST
- arch
- arch
- Print system architecture
- arp arp [-vn] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -a [HOSTNAME] [-v] [-i IF] -d HOSTNAME
- [pub] [-v] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -s HOSTNAME HWADDR [temp] [-v] [-H
- HWTYPE] [-i IF] -s HOSTNAME HWADDR [netmask MASK] pub [-v] [-H
- HWTYPE] [-i IF] -Ds HOSTNAME IFACE [netmask MASK] pub
- Manipulate ARP cache
- -a Display (all) hosts
- -d Delete ARP entry
- -s Set new entry
- -v Verbose
- -n Don't resolve names
- -i IF Network interface
- -D Read HWADDR from IFACE
- -A,-p AF Protocol family
- -H HWTYPE Hardware address type
- arping
- arping [-fqbDUA] [-c CNT] [-w TIMEOUT] [-I IFACE] [-s SRC_IP] DST_IP
- Send ARP requests/replies
- -f Quit on first ARP reply
- -q Quiet
- -b Keep broadcasting, don't go unicast
- -D Exit with 1 if DST_IP replies
- -U Unsolicited ARP mode, update your neighbors
- -A ARP answer mode, update your neighbors
- -c N Stop after sending N ARP requests
- -w TIMEOUT Seconds to wait for ARP reply
- -I IFACE Interface to use (default eth0)
- -s SRC_IP Sender IP address
- DST_IP Target IP address
- ash ash [-/+OPTIONS] [-/+o OPT]... [-c 'SCRIPT' [ARG0 [ARGS]] / FILE
- [ARGS]]
- Unix shell interpreter
- awk awk [OPTIONS] [AWK_PROGRAM] [FILE]...
- -v VAR=VAL Set variable
- -F SEP Use SEP as field separator
- -f FILE Read program from FILE
- -e AWK_PROGRAM
- base64
- base64 [-d] [FILE]
- Base64 encode or decode FILE to standard output -d Decode data
- basename
- basename FILE [SUFFIX]
- Strip directory path and .SUFFIX from FILE
- beep
- beep -f FREQ -l LEN -d DELAY -r COUNT -n
- -f Frequency in Hz
- -l Length in ms
- -d Delay in ms
- -r Repetitions
- -n Start new tone
- blkdiscard
- blkdiscard [-o OFS] [-l LEN] [-s] DEVICE
- Discard sectors on DEVICE
- -o OFS Byte offset into device
- -l LEN Number of bytes to discard
- -s Perform a secure discard
- blkid
- blkid [BLOCKDEV]...
- Print UUIDs of all filesystems
- blockdev
- blockdev OPTION BLOCKDEV
- --setro Set ro
- --setrw Set rw
- --getro Get ro
- --getss Get sector size
- --getbsz Get block size
- --setbsz BYTES Set block size
- --getsz Get device size in 512-byte sectors
- --getsize64 Get device size in bytes
- --flushbufs Flush buffers
- --rereadpt Reread partition table
- bootchartd
- bootchartd start [PROG ARGS]|stop|init
- Create /var/log/bootchart.tgz with boot chart data
- start: start background logging; with PROG, run PROG, then kill
- logging with USR1 stop: send USR1 to all bootchartd processes init:
- start background logging; stop when getty/xdm is seen (for init
- scripts) Under PID 1: as init, then exec $bootchart_init, /init,
- /sbin/init
- brctl
- brctl COMMAND [BRIDGE [INTERFACE]]
- Manage ethernet bridges
- Commands:
- show Show a list of bridges
- addbr BRIDGE Create BRIDGE
- delbr BRIDGE Delete BRIDGE
- addif BRIDGE IFACE Add IFACE to BRIDGE
- delif BRIDGE IFACE Delete IFACE from BRIDGE
- setageing BRIDGE TIME Set ageing time
- setfd BRIDGE TIME Set bridge forward delay
- sethello BRIDGE TIME Set hello time
- setmaxage BRIDGE TIME Set max message age
- setpathcost BRIDGE COST Set path cost
- setportprio BRIDGE PRIO Set port priority
- setbridgeprio BRIDGE PRIO Set bridge priority
- stp BRIDGE [1/yes/on|0/no/off] STP on/off
- bunzip2
- bunzip2 [-cfk] [FILE]...
- Decompress FILEs (or stdin)
- -c Write to stdout
- -f Force
- -k Keep input files
- bzcat
- bzcat [FILE]...
- Decompress to stdout
- bzip2
- bzip2 [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
- Compress FILEs (or stdin) with bzip2 algorithm
- -1..9 Compression level
- -d Decompress
- -t Test file integrity
- -c Write to stdout
- -f Force
- -k Keep input files
- cal cal [-jy] [[MONTH] YEAR]
- Display a calendar
- -j Use julian dates
- -y Display the entire year
- cat cat [-nbvteA] [FILE]...
- Print FILEs to stdout
- -n Number output lines
- -b Number nonempty lines
- -v Show nonprinting characters as ^x or M-x
- -t ...and tabs as ^I
- -e ...and end lines with $
- -A Same as -vte
- chat
- chat EXPECT [SEND [EXPECT [SEND...]]]
- Useful for interacting with a modem connected to stdin/stdout. A
- script consists of "expect-send" argument pairs. Example:
- chat '' ATZ OK ATD123456 CONNECT '' ogin: pppuser word: ppppass '~'
- chattr
- chattr [-R] [-v VERSION] [-+=AacDdijsStTu] FILE...
- Change ext2 file attributes
- -R Recurse
- -v VER Set version/generation number
- Modifiers:
- -,+,= Remove/add/set attributes
- Attributes:
- A Don't track atime
- a Append mode only
- c Enable compress
- D Write dir contents synchronously
- d Don't backup with dump
- i Cannot be modified (immutable)
- j Write all data to journal first
- s Zero disk storage when deleted
- S Write synchronously
- t Disable tail-merging of partial blocks with other files
- u Allow file to be undeleted
- chgrp
- chgrp [-RhLHPcvf]... GROUP FILE...
- Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP
- -R Recurse
- -h Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets
- -L Traverse all symlinks to directories
- -H Traverse symlinks on command line only
- -P Don't traverse symlinks (default)
- -c List changed files
- -v Verbose
- -f Hide errors
- chmod
- chmod [-Rcvf] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
- Each MODE is one or more of the letters ugoa, one of the symbols +-=
- and one or more of the letters rwxst
- -R Recurse
- -c List changed files
- -v List all files
- -f Hide errors
- chown
- chown [-RhLHPcvf]... USER[:[GRP]] FILE...
- Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to USER and/or GRP
- -R Recurse
- -h Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets
- -L Traverse all symlinks to directories
- -H Traverse symlinks on command line only
- -P Don't traverse symlinks (default)
- -c List changed files
- -v List all files
- -f Hide errors
- chpasswd
- chpasswd [--md5|--encrypted|--crypt-method]
- Read user:password from stdin and update /etc/passwd
- -e,--encrypted Supplied passwords are in encrypted form
- -m,--md5 Eencrypt using md5, not des
- -c,--crypt-method ALG des,md5,sha256/512 (default des)
- chpst
- chpst [-vP012] [-u USER[:GRP]] [-U USER[:GRP]] [-e DIR] [-/ DIR] [-n
- NICE] [-m BYTES] [-d BYTES] [-o N] [-p N] [-f BYTES] [-c BYTES] PROG
- ARGS
- Change the process state, run PROG
- -u USER[:GRP] Set uid and gid
- -U USER[:GRP] Set $UID and $GID in environment
- -e DIR Set environment variables as specified by files
- in DIR: file=1st_line_of_file
- -/ DIR Chroot to DIR
- -n NICE Add NICE to nice value
- -m BYTES Same as -d BYTES -s BYTES -l BYTES
- -d BYTES Limit data segment
- -o N Limit number of open files per process
- -p N Limit number of processes per uid
- -f BYTES Limit output file sizes
- -c BYTES Limit core file size
- -v Verbose
- -P Create new process group
- -0 Close stdin
- -1 Close stdout
- -2 Close stderr
- chroot
- chroot NEWROOT [PROG ARGS]
- Run PROG with root directory set to NEWROOT
- chrt
- chrt [-prfom] [PRIO] [PID | PROG ARGS]
- Change scheduling priority and class for a process
- -p Operate on PID
- -r Set SCHED_RR class
- -f Set SCHED_FIFO class
- -o Set SCHED_OTHER class
- -m Show min/max priorities
- chvt
- chvt N
- Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN
- cksum
- cksum FILE...
- Calculate the CRC32 checksums of FILEs
- clear
- clear
- Clear screen
- cmp cmp [-l] [-s] FILE1 [FILE2 [SKIP1 [SKIP2]]]
- Compare FILE1 with FILE2 (or stdin)
- -l Write the byte numbers (decimal) and values (octal)
- for all differing bytes
- -s Quiet
- comm
- comm [-123] FILE1 FILE2
- Compare FILE1 with FILE2
- -1 Suppress lines unique to FILE1
- -2 Suppress lines unique to FILE2
- -3 Suppress lines common to both files
- conspy
- conspy [-vcsndfFQ] [-x COL] [-y LINE] [CONSOLE_NO]
- A text-mode VNC like program for Linux virtual consoles. To exit,
- quickly press ESC 3 times.
- -v Don't send keystrokes to the console
- -c Create missing /dev/{tty,vcsa}N
- -s Open a SHELL session
- -n Black & white
- -d Dump console to stdout
- -f Follow cursor
- -F Assume console is on a framebuffer device
- -Q Disable exit on ESC-ESC-ESC
- -x COL Starting column
- -y LINE Starting line
- cp cp [OPTIONS] SOURCE... DEST
- Copy SOURCE(s) to DEST
- -a Same as -dpR
- -R,-r Recurse
- -d,-P Preserve symlinks (default if -R)
- -L Follow all symlinks
- -H Follow symlinks on command line
- -p Preserve file attributes if possible
- -f Overwrite
- -i Prompt before overwrite
- -l,-s Create (sym)links
- -T Treat DEST as a normal file
- -u Copy only newer files
- cpio
- cpio [-dmvu] [-F FILE] [-R USER[:GRP]] [-H newc] [-tio] [-p DIR]
- [EXTR_FILE]...
- Extract (-i) or list (-t) files from a cpio archive, or take file
- list from stdin and create an archive (-o) or copy files (-p)
- Main operation mode:
- -t List
- -i Extract EXTR_FILEs (or all)
- -o Create (requires -H newc)
- -p DIR Copy files to DIR
- Options:
- -d Make leading directories
- -m Preserve mtime
- -v Verbose
- -u Overwrite
- -F FILE Input (-t,-i,-p) or output (-o) file
- -R USER[:GRP] Set owner of created files
- -H newc Archive format
- crond
- crond -fbS -l N -d N -L LOGFILE -c DIR
- -f Foreground
- -b Background (default)
- -S Log to syslog (default)
- -l N Set log level. Most verbose 0, default 8
- -d N Set log level, log to stderr
- -L FILE Log to FILE
- -c DIR Cron dir. Default:/var/spool/cron/crontabs
- crontab
- crontab [-c DIR] [-u USER] [-ler]|[FILE]
- -c Crontab directory
- -u User
- -l List crontab
- -e Edit crontab
- -r Delete crontab
- FILE Replace crontab by FILE ('-': stdin)
- cryptpw
- cryptpw [OPTIONS] [PASSWORD] [SALT]
- Print crypt(3) hashed PASSWORD
- -P,--password-fd N Read password from fd N
- -m,--method TYPE des,md5,sha256/512 (default des)
- -S,--salt SALT
- cttyhack
- cttyhack [PROG ARGS]
- Give PROG a controlling tty if possible. Example for /etc/inittab
- (for busybox init): ::respawn:/bin/cttyhack /bin/sh Giving
- controlling tty to shell running with PID 1: $ exec cttyhack sh
- Starting interactive shell from boot shell script:
- setsid cttyhack sh
- cut cut [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
- Print selected fields from each input FILE to stdout
- -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
- -c LIST Output only characters from LIST
- -d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter
- -s Output only the lines containing delimiter
- -f N Print only these fields
- -n Ignored
- date
- date [OPTIONS] [+FMT] [TIME]
- Display time (using +FMT), or set time
- [-s,--set] TIME Set time to TIME
- -u,--utc Work in UTC (don't convert to local time)
- -R,--rfc-2822 Output RFC-2822 compliant date string
- -I[SPEC] Output ISO-8601 compliant date string
- SPEC='date' (default) for date only,
- 'hours', 'minutes', or 'seconds' for date and
- time to the indicated precision
- -r,--reference FILE Display last modification time of FILE
- -d,--date TIME Display TIME, not 'now'
- -D FMT Use FMT for -d TIME conversion
- Recognized TIME formats:
- hh:mm[:ss]
- [YYYY.]MM.DD-hh:mm[:ss]
- YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm[:ss]
- [[[[[YY]YY]MM]DD]hh]mm[.ss]
- 'date TIME' form accepts MMDDhhmm[[YY]YY][.ss] instead
- dc dc EXPRESSION...
- Tiny RPN calculator. Operations: +, add, -, sub, *, mul, /, div, %,
- mod, **, exp, and, or, not, xor, p - print top of the stack (without
- popping), f - print entire stack, o - pop the value and set output
- radix (must be 10, 16, 8 or 2). Examples: 'dc 2 2 add p' -> 4, 'dc 8
- 8 mul 2 2 + / p' -> 16
- dd dd [if=FILE] [of=FILE] [ibs=N] [obs=N] [bs=N] [count=N] [skip=N]
- [seek=N] [conv=notrunc|noerror|sync|fsync] [iflag=skip_bytes]
- Copy a file with converting and formatting
- if=FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin
- of=FILE Write to FILE instead of stdout
- bs=N Read and write N bytes at a time
- ibs=N Read N bytes at a time
- obs=N Write N bytes at a time
- count=N Copy only N input blocks
- skip=N Skip N input blocks
- seek=N Skip N output blocks
- conv=notrunc Don't truncate output file
- conv=noerror Continue after read errors
- conv=sync Pad blocks with zeros
- conv=fsync Physically write data out before finishing
- conv=swab Swap every pair of bytes
- iflag=skip_bytes skip=N is in bytes
- status=noxfer Suppress rate output
- status=none Suppress all output
- N may be suffixed by c (1), w (2), b (512), kB (1000), k (1024), MB,
- M, GB, G
- deallocvt
- deallocvt [N]
- Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN
- delgroup
- delgroup [USER] GROUP
- Delete group GROUP from the system or user USER from group GROUP
- deluser
- deluser [--remove-home] USER
- Delete USER from the system
- depmod
- depmod [-n]
- Generate modules.dep.bb
- -n Dry run: print file to stdout
- devmem
- devmem ADDRESS [WIDTH [VALUE]]
- Read/write from physical address
- ADDRESS Address to act upon
- WIDTH Width (8/16/...)
- VALUE Data to be written
- df df [-PkmhTai] [-B SIZE] [FILESYSTEM]...
- Print filesystem usage statistics
- -P POSIX output format
- -k 1024-byte blocks (default)
- -m 1M-byte blocks
- -h Human readable (e.g. 1K 243M 2G)
- -T Print filesystem type
- -a Show all filesystems
- -i Inodes
- -B SIZE Blocksize
- dhcprelay
- dhcprelay CLIENT_IFACE[,CLIENT_IFACE2]... SERVER_IFACE [SERVER_IP]
- Relay DHCP requests between clients and server
- diff
- diff [-abBdiNqrTstw] [-L LABEL] [-S FILE] [-U LINES] FILE1 FILE2
- Compare files line by line and output the differences between them.
- This implementation supports unified diffs only.
- -a Treat all files as text
- -b Ignore changes in the amount of whitespace
- -B Ignore changes whose lines are all blank
- -d Try hard to find a smaller set of changes
- -i Ignore case differences
- -L Use LABEL instead of the filename in the unified header
- -N Treat absent files as empty
- -q Output only whether files differ
- -r Recurse
- -S Start with FILE when comparing directories
- -T Make tabs line up by prefixing a tab when necessary
- -s Report when two files are the same
- -t Expand tabs to spaces in output
- -U Output LINES lines of context
- -w Ignore all whitespace
- dirname
- dirname FILENAME
- Strip non-directory suffix from FILENAME
- dmesg
- dmesg [-c] [-n LEVEL] [-s SIZE]
- Print or control the kernel ring buffer
- -c Clear ring buffer after printing
- -n LEVEL Set console logging level
- -s SIZE Buffer size
- -r Print raw message buffer
- dnsd
- dnsd [-dvs] [-c CONFFILE] [-t TTL_SEC] [-p PORT] [-i ADDR]
- Small static DNS server daemon
- -c FILE Config file
- -t SEC TTL
- -p PORT Listen on PORT
- -i ADDR Listen on ADDR
- -d Daemonize
- -v Verbose
- -s Send successful replies only. Use this if you want
- to use /etc/resolv.conf with two nameserver lines:
- nameserver DNSD_SERVER
- nameserver NORMAL_DNS_SERVER
- dos2unix
- dos2unix [-ud] [FILE]
- Convert FILE in-place from DOS to Unix format. When no file is
- given, use stdin/stdout.
- -u dos2unix
- -d unix2dos
- dpkg
- dpkg [-ilCPru] [-F OPT] PACKAGE
- Install, remove and manage Debian packages
- -i,--install Install the package
- -l,--list List of installed packages
- --configure Configure an unpackaged package
- -P,--purge Purge all files of a package
- -r,--remove Remove all but the configuration files for a package
- --unpack Unpack a package, but don't configure it
- --force-depends Ignore dependency problems
- --force-confnew Overwrite existing config files when installing
- --force-confold Keep old config files when installing
- dpkg-deb
- dpkg-deb [-cefxX] FILE [DIR]
- Perform actions on Debian packages (.deb)
- -c List files
- -f Print control fields
- -e Extract control files to DIR (default: ./DEBIAN)
- -x Extract files to DIR (no default)
- -X Verbose -x
- du du [-aHLdclsxhmk] [FILE]...
- Summarize disk space used for each FILE and/or directory
- -a Show file sizes too
- -L Follow all symlinks
- -H Follow symlinks on command line
- -d N Limit output to directories (and files with -a) of depth < N
- -c Show grand total
- -l Count sizes many times if hard linked
- -s Display only a total for each argument
- -x Skip directories on different filesystems
- -h Sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G)
- -m Sizes in megabytes
- -k Sizes in kilobytes (default)
- dumpkmap
- dumpkmap > keymap
- Print a binary keyboard translation table to stdout
- dumpleases
- dumpleases [-r|-a] [-d] [-f LEASEFILE]
- Display DHCP leases granted by udhcpd
- -f,--file FILE Lease file
- -r,--remaining Show remaining time
- -a,--absolute Show expiration time
- -d,--decimal Show time in seconds
- echo
- echo [-neE] [ARG]...
- Print the specified ARGs to stdout
- -n Suppress trailing newline
- -e Interpret backslash escapes (i.e., \t=tab)
- -E Don't interpret backslash escapes (default)
- ed ed [FILE]
- eject
- eject [-t] [-T] [DEVICE]
- Eject DEVICE or default /dev/cdrom
- -s SCSI device
- -t Close tray
- -T Open/close tray (toggle)
- env env [-iu] [-] [name=value]... [PROG ARGS]
- Print the current environment or run PROG after setting up the
- specified environment
- -, -i Start with an empty environment
- -u Remove variable from the environment
- envdir
- envdir DIR PROG ARGS
- Set various environment variables as specified by files in the
- directory DIR, run PROG
- envuidgid
- envuidgid USER PROG ARGS
- Set $UID to USER's uid and $GID to USER's gid, run PROG
- ether-wake
- ether-wake [-b] [-i IFACE] [-p aa:bb:cc:dd[:ee:ff]/a.b.c.d] MAC
- Send a magic packet to wake up sleeping machines. MAC must be a
- station address (00:11:22:33:44:55) or a hostname with a known
- 'ethers' entry.
- -b Broadcast the packet
- -i IFACE Interface to use (default eth0)
- -p PASSWORD Append four or six byte PASSWORD to the packet
- expand
- expand [-i] [-t N] [FILE]...
- Convert tabs to spaces, writing to stdout
- -i Don't convert tabs after non blanks
- -t Tabstops every N chars
- expr
- expr EXPRESSION
- Print the value of EXPRESSION to stdout
- EXPRESSION may be:
- ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2
- ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
- ARG1 < ARG2 1 if ARG1 is less than ARG2, else 0. Similarly:
- ARG1 <= ARG2
- ARG1 = ARG2
- ARG1 != ARG2
- ARG1 >= ARG2
- ARG1 > ARG2
- ARG1 + ARG2 Sum of ARG1 and ARG2. Similarly:
- ARG1 - ARG2
- ARG1 * ARG2
- ARG1 / ARG2
- ARG1 % ARG2
- STRING : REGEXP Anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING
- match STRING REGEXP Same as STRING : REGEXP
- substr STRING POS LENGTH Substring of STRING, POS counted from 1
- index STRING CHARS Index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0
- length STRING Length of STRING
- quote TOKEN Interpret TOKEN as a string, even if
- it is a keyword like 'match' or an
- operator like '/'
- (EXPRESSION) Value of EXPRESSION
- Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.
- Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else
- lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between
- \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number
- of characters matched or 0.
- factor
- factor [NUMBER]...
- Print prime factors
- fakeidentd
- fakeidentd [-fiw] [-b ADDR] [STRING]
- Provide fake ident (auth) service
- -f Run in foreground
- -i Inetd mode
- -w Inetd 'wait' mode
- -b ADDR Bind to specified address
- STRING Ident answer string (default: nobody)
- fallocate
- fallocate [-o OFS] -l LEN FILE
- Preallocate space for FILE
- -o OFS Offset of range
- -l LEN Length of range
- fatattr
- fatattr [-+rhsvda] FILE...
- Change file attributes on FAT filesystem
- - Clear attributes
- + Set attributes
- r Read only
- h Hidden
- s System
- v Volume label
- d Directory
- a Archive
- fbset
- fbset [OPTIONS] [MODE]
- Show and modify frame buffer settings
- fbsplash
- fbsplash -s IMGFILE [-c] [-d DEV] [-i INIFILE] [-f CMD]
- -s Image
- -c Hide cursor
- -d Framebuffer device (default /dev/fb0)
- -i Config file (var=value):
- BAR_LEFT,BAR_TOP,BAR_WIDTH,BAR_HEIGHT
- BAR_R,BAR_G,BAR_B
- -f Control pipe (else exit after drawing image)
- commands: 'NN' (% for progress bar) or 'exit'
- fdflush
- fdflush DEVICE
- Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change
- fdformat
- fdformat [-n] DEVICE
- Format floppy disk
- -n Don't verify after format
- fdisk
- fdisk [-ul] [-C CYLINDERS] [-H HEADS] [-S SECTORS] [-b SSZ] DISK
- Change partition table
- -u Start and End are in sectors (instead of cylinders)
- -l Show partition table for each DISK, then exit
- -b 2048 (for certain MO disks) use 2048-byte sectors
- -C CYLINDERS Set number of cylinders/heads/sectors
- -H HEADS Typically 255
- -S SECTORS Typically 63
- fgconsole
- fgconsole
- Get active console
- find
- find [-HL] [PATH]... [OPTIONS] [ACTIONS]
- Search for files and perform actions on them. First failed action
- stops processing of current file. Defaults: PATH is current
- directory, action is '-print'
- -L,-follow Follow symlinks
- -H ...on command line only
- -xdev Don't descend directories on other filesystems
- -maxdepth N Descend at most N levels. -maxdepth 0 applies
- actions to command line arguments only
- -mindepth N Don't act on first N levels
- -depth Act on directory *after* traversing it
- Actions:
- ( ACTIONS ) Group actions for -o / -a
- ! ACT Invert ACT's success/failure
- ACT1 [-a] ACT2 If ACT1 fails, stop, else do ACT2
- ACT1 -o ACT2 If ACT1 succeeds, stop, else do ACT2
- Note: -a has higher priority than -o
- -name PATTERN Match file name (w/o directory name) to PATTERN
- -iname PATTERN Case insensitive -name
- -path PATTERN Match path to PATTERN
- -ipath PATTERN Case insensitive -path
- -regex PATTERN Match path to regex PATTERN
- -type X File type is X (one of: f,d,l,b,c,...)
- -perm MASK At least one mask bit (+MASK), all bits (-MASK),
- or exactly MASK bits are set in file's mode
- -mtime DAYS mtime is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
- or exactly N days in the past
- -mmin MINS mtime is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
- or exactly N minutes in the past
- -newer FILE mtime is more recent than FILE's
- -inum N File has inode number N
- -user NAME/ID File is owned by given user
- -group NAME/ID File is owned by given group
- -size N[bck] File size is N (c:bytes,k:kbytes,b:512 bytes(def.))
- +/-N: file size is bigger/smaller than N
- -links N Number of links is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
- or exactly N
- -prune If current file is directory, don't descend into it
- If none of the following actions is specified, -print is assumed
- -print Print file name
- -print0 Print file name, NUL terminated
- -exec CMD ARG ; Run CMD with all instances of {} replaced by
- file name. Fails if CMD exits with nonzero
- -exec CMD ARG + Run CMD with {} replaced by list of file names
- -delete Delete current file/directory. Turns on -depth option
- findfs
- findfs LABEL=label or UUID=uuid
- Find a filesystem device based on a label or UUID
- flock
- flock [-sxun] FD|{FILE [-c] PROG ARGS}
- [Un]lock file descriptor, or lock FILE, run PROG
- -s Shared lock
- -x Exclusive lock (default)
- -u Unlock FD
- -n Fail rather than wait
- fold
- fold [-bs] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]...
- Wrap input lines in each FILE (or stdin), writing to stdout
- -b Count bytes rather than columns
- -s Break at spaces
- -w Use WIDTH columns instead of 80
- free
- free [-b/k/m/g]
- Display the amount of free and used system memory
- freeramdisk
- freeramdisk DEVICE
- Free all memory used by the specified ramdisk
- fsck
- fsck [-ANPRTV] [-t FSTYPE] [FS_OPTS] [BLOCKDEV]...
- Check and repair filesystems
- -A Walk /etc/fstab and check all filesystems
- -N Don't execute, just show what would be done
- -P With -A, check filesystems in parallel
- -R With -A, skip the root filesystem
- -T Don't show title on startup
- -V Verbose
- -t TYPE List of filesystem types to check
- fsck.minix
- fsck.minix [-larvsmf] BLOCKDEV
- Check MINIX filesystem
- -l List all filenames
- -r Perform interactive repairs
- -a Perform automatic repairs
- -v Verbose
- -s Output superblock information
- -m Show "mode not cleared" warnings
- -f Force file system check
- fsfreeze
- fsfreeze --[un]freeze MOUNTPOINT
- Flush and halt writes to MOUNTPOINT
- fstrim
- fstrim [OPTIONS] MOUNTPOINT
- -o,--offset OFFSET Offset in bytes to discard from
- -l,--length LEN Bytes to discard
- -m,--minimum MIN Minimum extent length
- -v,--verbose Print number of discarded bytes
- fsync
- fsync [-d] FILE...
- Write files' buffered blocks to disk
- -d Avoid syncing metadata
- ftpd
- ftpd [-wvS] [-a USER] [-t N] [-T N] [DIR]
- FTP server. Chroots to DIR, if this fails (run by non-root), cds to
- it. Should be used as inetd service, inetd.conf line: 21 stream tcp
- nowait root ftpd ftpd /files/to/serve Can be run from tcpsvd:
- tcpsvd -vE 0.0.0.0 21 ftpd /files/to/serve
- -w Allow upload
- -a USER Enable 'anonymous' login and map it to USER
- -v Log errors to stderr. -vv: verbose log
- -S Log errors to syslog. -SS: verbose log
- -t,-T N Idle and absolute timeout
- ftpget
- ftpget [OPTIONS] HOST [LOCAL_FILE] REMOTE_FILE
- Download a file via FTP
- -c Continue previous transfer
- -v Verbose
- -u USER Username
- -p PASS Password
- -P NUM Port
- ftpput
- ftpput [OPTIONS] HOST [REMOTE_FILE] LOCAL_FILE
- Upload a file to a FTP server
- -v Verbose
- -u USER Username
- -p PASS Password
- -P NUM Port number
- fuser
- fuser [OPTIONS] FILE or PORT/PROTO
- Find processes which use FILEs or PORTs
- -m Find processes which use same fs as FILEs
- -4,-6 Search only IPv4/IPv6 space
- -s Don't display PIDs
- -k Kill found processes
- -SIGNAL Signal to send (default: KILL)
- getopt
- getopt [OPTIONS] [--] OPTSTRING PARAMS
- -a Allow long options starting with single -
- -l LOPT[,...] Long options to recognize
- -n PROGNAME The name under which errors are reported
- -o OPTSTRING Short options to recognize
- -q No error messages on unrecognized options
- -Q No normal output
- -s SHELL Set shell quoting conventions
- -T Version test (exits with 4)
- -u Don't quote output
- Example:
- O=`getopt -l bb: -- ab:c:: "$@"` || exit 1 eval set -- "$O" while
- true; do case "$1" in -a) echo A; shift;; -b|--bb) echo "B:'$2'";
- shift 2;; -c) case "$2" in "") echo C; shift 2;; *) echo "C:'$2'";
- shift 2;; esac;; --) shift; break;; *) echo Error; exit 1;; esac
- done
- getty
- getty [OPTIONS] BAUD_RATE[,BAUD_RATE]... TTY [TERMTYPE]
- Open TTY, prompt for login name, then invoke /bin/login
- -h Enable hardware RTS/CTS flow control
- -L Set CLOCAL (ignore Carrier Detect state)
- -m Get baud rate from modem's CONNECT status message
- -n Don't prompt for login name
- -w Wait for CR or LF before sending /etc/issue
- -i Don't display /etc/issue
- -f ISSUE_FILE Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue
- -l LOGIN Invoke LOGIN instead of /bin/login
- -t SEC Terminate after SEC if no login name is read
- -I INITSTR Send INITSTR before anything else
- -H HOST Log HOST into the utmp file as the hostname
- BAUD_RATE of 0 leaves it unchanged
- grep
- grep [-HhnlLoqvsriwFE] [-m N] [-A/B/C N] PATTERN/-e PATTERN.../-f
- FILE [FILE]...
- Search for PATTERN in FILEs (or stdin)
- -H Add 'filename:' prefix
- -h Do not add 'filename:' prefix
- -n Add 'line_no:' prefix
- -l Show only names of files that match
- -L Show only names of files that don't match
- -c Show only count of matching lines
- -o Show only the matching part of line
- -q Quiet. Return 0 if PATTERN is found, 1 otherwise
- -v Select non-matching lines
- -s Suppress open and read errors
- -r Recurse
- -i Ignore case
- -w Match whole words only
- -x Match whole lines only
- -F PATTERN is a literal (not regexp)
- -E PATTERN is an extended regexp
- -m N Match up to N times per file
- -A N Print N lines of trailing context
- -B N Print N lines of leading context
- -C N Same as '-A N -B N'
- -e PTRN Pattern to match
- -f FILE Read pattern from file
- groups
- groups [USER]
- Print the group memberships of USER or for the current process
- gunzip
- gunzip [-cfkt] [FILE]...
- Decompress FILEs (or stdin)
- -c Write to stdout
- -f Force
- -k Keep input files
- -t Test file integrity
- gzip
- gzip [-cfkdt] [FILE]...
- Compress FILEs (or stdin)
- -d Decompress
- -t Test file integrity
- -c Write to stdout
- -f Force
- -k Keep input files
- halt
- halt [-d DELAY] [-n] [-f] [-w]
- Halt the system
- -d SEC Delay interval
- -n Do not sync
- -f Force (don't go through init)
- -w Only write a wtmp record
- hd hd FILE...
- hd is an alias for hexdump -C
- hdparm
- hdparm [OPTIONS] [DEVICE]
- -a Get/set fs readahead
- -A Set drive read-lookahead flag (0/1)
- -b Get/set bus state (0 == off, 1 == on, 2 == tristate)
- -B Set Advanced Power Management setting (1-255)
- -c Get/set IDE 32-bit IO setting
- -C Check IDE power mode status
- -d Get/set using_dma flag
- -D Enable/disable drive defect-mgmt
- -f Flush buffer cache for device on exit
- -g Display drive geometry
- -h Display terse usage information
- -i Display drive identification
- -I Detailed/current information directly from drive
- -k Get/set keep_settings_over_reset flag (0/1)
- -K Set drive keep_features_over_reset flag (0/1)
- -L Set drive doorlock (0/1) (removable harddisks only)
- -m Get/set multiple sector count
- -n Get/set ignore-write-errors flag (0/1)
- -p Set PIO mode on IDE interface chipset (0,1,2,3,4,...)
- -P Set drive prefetch count
- -Q Get/set DMA tagged-queuing depth (if supported)
- -r Get/set readonly flag (DANGEROUS to set)
- -R Register an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)
- -S Set standby (spindown) timeout
- -t Perform device read timings
- -T Perform cache read timings
- -u Get/set unmaskirq flag (0/1)
- -U Unregister an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)
- -v Defaults; same as -mcudkrag for IDE drives
- -V Display program version and exit immediately
- -w Perform device reset (DANGEROUS)
- -W Set drive write-caching flag (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
- -x Tristate device for hotswap (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
- -X Set IDE xfer mode (DANGEROUS)
- -y Put IDE drive in standby mode
- -Y Put IDE drive to sleep
- -Z Disable Seagate auto-powersaving mode
- -z Reread partition table
- head
- head [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
- Print first 10 lines of each FILE (or stdin) to stdout. With more
- than one FILE, precede each with a filename header.
- -n N[kbm] Print first N lines
- -n -N[kbm] Print all except N last lines
- -c [-]N[kbm] Print first N bytes
- -q Never print headers
- -v Always print headers
- N may be suffixed by k (x1024), b (x512), or m (x1024^2).
- hexdump
- hexdump [-bcCdefnosvxR] [FILE]...
- Display FILEs (or stdin) in a user specified format
- -b 1-byte octal display
- -c 1-byte character display
- -d 2-byte decimal display
- -o 2-byte octal display
- -x 2-byte hex display
- -C hex+ASCII 16 bytes per line
- -v Show all (no dup folding)
- -e FORMAT_STR Example: '16/1 "%02x|""\n"'
- -f FORMAT_FILE
- -n LENGTH Show only first LENGTH bytes
- -s OFFSET Skip OFFSET bytes
- -R Reverse of 'hexdump -Cv'
- hexedit
- hexedit FILE
- Edit FILE in hexadecimal
- hostid
- hostid
- Print out a unique 32-bit identifier for the machine
- hostname
- hostname [OPTIONS] [HOSTNAME | -F FILE]
- Get or set hostname or DNS domain name
- -s Short
- -i Addresses for the hostname
- -d DNS domain name
- -f Fully qualified domain name
- -F FILE Use FILE's content as hostname
- httpd
- httpd [-ifv[v]] [-c CONFFILE] [-p [IP:]PORT] [-u USER[:GRP]] [-r
- REALM] [-h HOME] or httpd -d/-e/-m STRING
- Listen for incoming HTTP requests
- -i Inetd mode
- -f Don't daemonize
- -v[v] Verbose
- -p [IP:]PORT Bind to IP:PORT (default *:80)
- -u USER[:GRP] Set uid/gid after binding to port
- -r REALM Authentication Realm for Basic Authentication
- -h HOME Home directory (default .)
- -c FILE Configuration file (default {/etc,HOME}/httpd.conf)
- -m STRING MD5 crypt STRING
- -e STRING HTML encode STRING
- -d STRING URL decode STRING
- hush
- hush [-enxl] [-c 'SCRIPT' [ARG0 [ARGS]] / FILE [ARGS]]
- Unix shell interpreter
- hwclock
- hwclock [-r|--show] [-s|--hctosys] [-w|--systohc] [--systz]
- [--localtime] [-u|--utc] [-f|--rtc FILE]
- Query and set hardware clock (RTC)
- -r Show hardware clock time
- -s Set system time from hardware clock
- -w Set hardware clock from system time
- --systz Set in-kernel timezone, correct system time
- if hardware clock is in local time
- -u Assume hardware clock is kept in UTC
- --localtime Assume hardware clock is kept in local time
- -f FILE Use specified device (e.g. /dev/rtc2)
- i2cdetect
- i2cdetect -l | -F I2CBUS | [-ya] [-q|-r] I2CBUS [FIRST LAST]
- Detect I2C chips
- -l List installed buses
- -F BUS# List functionalities on this bus
- -y Disable interactive mode
- -a Force scanning of non-regular addresses
- -q Use smbus quick write commands for probing (default)
- -r Use smbus read byte commands for probing
- FIRST and LAST limit probing range
- i2cdump
- i2cdump [-fy] [-r FIRST-LAST] BUS ADDR [MODE]
- Examine I2C registers
- I2CBUS I2C bus number
- ADDRESS 0x03-0x77
- MODE is:
- b Byte (default)
- w Word
- W Word on even register addresses
- i I2C block
- s SMBus block
- c Consecutive byte
- Append p for SMBus PEC
- -f Force access
- -y Disable interactive mode
- -r Limit the number of registers being accessed
- i2cget
- i2cget [-fy] BUS CHIP-ADDRESS [DATA-ADDRESS [MODE]]
- Read from I2C/SMBus chip registers
- I2CBUS I2C bus number
- ADDRESS 0x03-0x77
- MODE is:
- b Read byte data (default)
- w Read word data
- c Write byte/read byte
- Append p for SMBus PEC
- -f Force access
- -y Disable interactive mode
- i2cset
- i2cset [-fy] [-m MASK] BUS CHIP-ADDRESS DATA-ADDRESS [VALUE] ...
- [MODE]
- Set I2C registers
- I2CBUS I2C bus number
- ADDRESS 0x03-0x77
- MODE is:
- c Byte, no value
- b Byte data (default)
- w Word data
- i I2C block data
- s SMBus block data
- Append p for SMBus PEC
- -f Force access
- -y Disable interactive mode
- -r Read back and compare the result
- -m MASK Mask specifying which bits to write
- id id [OPTIONS] [USER]
- Print information about USER or the current user
- -u User ID
- -g Group ID
- -G Supplementary group IDs
- -n Print names instead of numbers
- -r Print real ID instead of effective ID
- ifconfig
- ifconfig [-a] interface [address]
- Configure a network interface
- [add ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]]
- [del ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]]
- [[-]broadcast [ADDRESS]] [[-]pointopoint [ADDRESS]]
- [netmask ADDRESS] [dstaddr ADDRESS]
- [outfill NN] [keepalive NN]
- [hw ether|infiniband ADDRESS] [metric NN] [mtu NN]
- [[-]trailers] [[-]arp] [[-]allmulti]
- [multicast] [[-]promisc] [txqueuelen NN] [[-]dynamic]
- [mem_start NN] [io_addr NN] [irq NN]
- [up|down] ...
- ifdown
- ifdown [-anmvf] [-i FILE] IFACE...
- -a Deconfigure all interfaces
- -i FILE Use FILE for interface definitions
- -n Print out what would happen, but don't do it
- (note: doesn't disable mappings)
- -m Don't run any mappings
- -v Print out what would happen before doing it
- -f Force deconfiguration
- ifenslave
- ifenslave [-cdf] MASTER_IFACE SLAVE_IFACE...
- Configure network interfaces for parallel routing
- -c Change active slave
- -d Remove slave interface from bonding device
- -f Force, even if interface is not Ethernet
- ifplugd
- ifplugd [OPTIONS]
- Network interface plug detection daemon
- -n Don't daemonize
- -s Don't log to syslog
- -i IFACE Interface
- -f/-F Treat link detection error as link down/link up
- (otherwise exit on error)
- -a Don't up interface at each link probe
- -M Monitor creation/destruction of interface
- (otherwise it must exist)
- -r PROG Script to run
- -x ARG Extra argument for script
- -I Don't exit on nonzero exit code from script
- -p Don't run "up" script on startup
- -q Don't run "down" script on exit
- -l Always run script on startup
- -t SECS Poll time in seconds
- -u SECS Delay before running script after link up
- -d SECS Delay after link down
- -m MODE API mode (mii, priv, ethtool, wlan, iff, auto)
- -k Kill running daemon
- ifup
- ifup [-anmvf] [-i FILE] IFACE...
- -a Configure all interfaces
- -i FILE Use FILE instead of /etc/network/interfaces
- -n Print out what would happen, but don't do it
- (note: doesn't disable mappings)
- -m Don't run any mappings
- -v Print out what would happen before doing it
- -f Force configuration
- inetd
- inetd [-fe] [-q N] [-R N] [CONFFILE]
- Listen for network connections and launch programs
- -f Run in foreground
- -e Log to stderr
- -q N Socket listen queue (default 128)
- -R N Pause services after N connects/min
- (default 0 - disabled)
- Default CONFFILE is /etc/inetd.conf
- init
- init
- Init is the first process started during boot. It never exits. It
- (re)spawns children according to /etc/inittab.
- insmod
- insmod FILE [SYMBOL=VALUE]...
- Load kernel module
- install
- install [-cdDsp] [-o USER] [-g GRP] [-m MODE] [-t DIR] [SOURCE]...
- DEST
- Copy files and set attributes
- -c Just copy (default)
- -d Create directories
- -D Create leading target directories
- -s Strip symbol table
- -p Preserve date
- -o USER Set ownership
- -g GRP Set group ownership
- -m MODE Set permissions
- -t DIR Install to DIR
- ionice
- ionice [-c 1-3] [-n 0-7] [-p PID] [PROG]
- Change I/O priority and class
- -c Class. 1:realtime 2:best-effort 3:idle
- -n Priority
- iostat
- iostat [-c] [-d] [-t] [-z] [-k|-m] [ALL|BLOCKDEV...] [INTERVAL
- [COUNT]]
- Report CPU and I/O statistics
- -c Show CPU utilization
- -d Show device utilization
- -t Print current time
- -z Omit devices with no activity
- -k Use kb/s
- -m Use Mb/s
- ip ip [OPTIONS] address|route|link|tunnel|neigh|rule [COMMAND]
- OPTIONS := -f[amily] inet|inet6|link | -o[neline] COMMAND := ip addr
- add|del IFADDR dev IFACE | show|flush [dev IFACE] [to PREFIX] ip
- route list|flush|add|del|change|append|replace|test ROUTE ip link
- set IFACE [up|down] [arp on|off] | show [IFACE] ip tunnel
- add|change|del|show [NAME] [mode ipip|gre|sit] [remote ADDR] [local
- ADDR] [ttl TTL] ip neigh show|flush [to PREFIX] [dev DEV] [nud
- STATE] ip rule [list] | add|del SELECTOR ACTION
- ipaddr
- ipaddr add|del IFADDR dev IFACE | show|flush [dev IFACE] [to PREFIX]
- ipaddr add|change|replace|delete dev IFACE IFADDR IFADDR := PREFIX |
- ADDR peer PREFIX [broadcast ADDR|+|-] [anycast ADDR] [label STRING]
- [scope SCOPE] PREFIX := ADDR[/MASK] SCOPE :=
- [host|link|global|NUMBER] ipaddr show|flush [dev IFACE] [scope
- SCOPE] [to PREFIX] [label PATTERN]
- ipcalc
- ipcalc [OPTIONS] ADDRESS[/PREFIX] [NETMASK]
- Calculate and display network settings from IP address
- -b Broadcast address
- -n Network address
- -m Default netmask for IP
- -p Prefix for IP/NETMASK
- -h Resolved host name
- -s No error messages
- ipcrm
- ipcrm [-MQS key] [-mqs id]
- Upper-case options MQS remove an object by shmkey value. Lower-case
- options remove an object by shmid value.
- -mM Remove memory segment after last detach
- -qQ Remove message queue
- -sS Remove semaphore
- ipcs
- ipcs [[-smq] -i shmid] | [[-asmq] [-tcplu]]
- -i Show specific resource
- Resource specification:
- -m Shared memory segments
- -q Message queues
- -s Semaphore arrays
- -a All (default)
- Output format:
- -t Time
- -c Creator
- -p Pid
- -l Limits
- -u Summary
- iplink
- iplink set IFACE [up|down] [arp on|off] | show [IFACE]
- iplink set IFACE [up|down] [arp on|off] [multicast on|off] [promisc
- on|off] [mtu NUM] [name NAME] [qlen NUM] [address MAC] iplink show
- [IFACE]
- ipneigh
- ipneigh show|flush [to PREFIX] [dev DEV] [nud STATE]
- iproute
- iproute list|flush|add|del|change|append|replace|test ROUTE
- iproute list|flush SELECTOR SELECTOR := [root PREFIX] [match PREFIX]
- [proto RTPROTO] PREFIX := default|ADDR[/MASK] iproute get ADDR [from
- ADDR iif IFACE] [oif IFACE] [tos TOS] iproute
- add|del|change|append|replace|test ROUTE ROUTE := NODE_SPEC
- [INFO_SPEC] NODE_SPEC := PREFIX [table TABLE_ID] [proto RTPROTO]
- [scope SCOPE] [metric METRIC] INFO_SPEC := NH OPTIONS NH := [via
- [inet|inet6] ADDR] [dev IFACE] [src ADDR] [onlink] OPTIONS := [mtu
- [lock] NUM] [advmss [lock] NUM]
- iprule
- iprule [list] | add|del SELECTOR ACTION
- SELECTOR := [from PREFIX] [to PREFIX] [tos TOS] [fwmark FWMARK]
- [dev IFACE] [pref NUMBER]
- ACTION := [table TABLE_ID] [nat ADDR]
- [prohibit|reject|unreachable]
- [realms [SRCREALM/]DSTREALM]
- TABLE_ID := [local|main|default|NUMBER]
- iptunnel
- iptunnel add|change|del|show [NAME] [mode ipip|gre|sit] [remote
- ADDR] [local ADDR] [ttl TTL]
- iptunnel add|change|del|show [NAME] [mode ipip|gre|sit] [remote
- ADDR] [local ADDR] [[i|o]seq] [[i|o]key KEY] [[i|o]csum] [ttl TTL]
- [tos TOS] [[no]pmtudisc] [dev PHYS_DEV]
- kbd_mode
- kbd_mode [-a|k|s|u] [-C TTY]
- Report or set VT console keyboard mode
- -a Default (ASCII)
- -k Medium-raw (keycode)
- -s Raw (scancode)
- -u Unicode (utf-8)
- -C TTY Affect TTY
- kill
- kill [-l] [-SIG] PID...
- Send a signal (default: TERM) to given PIDs
- -l List all signal names and numbers
- killall
- killall [-l] [-q] [-SIG] PROCESS_NAME...
- Send a signal (default: TERM) to given processes
- -l List all signal names and numbers
- -q Don't complain if no processes were killed
- killall5
- killall5 [-l] [-SIG] [-o PID]...
- Send a signal (default: TERM) to all processes outside current
- session
- -l List all signal names and numbers
- -o PID Don't signal this PID
- klogd
- klogd [-c N] [-n]
- Kernel logger
- -c N Print to console messages more urgent than prio N (1-8)
- -n Run in foreground
- last
- last [-HW] [-f FILE]
- Show listing of the last users that logged into the system
- -W Display with no host column truncation
- -f FILE Read from FILE instead of /var/log/wtmp
- less
- less [-EIMmNSh~] [FILE]...
- View FILE (or stdin) one screenful at a time
- -E Quit once the end of a file is reached
- -I Ignore case in all searches
- -M,-m Display status line with line numbers
- and percentage through the file
- -N Prefix line number to each line
- -S Truncate long lines
- -~ Suppress ~s displayed past EOF
- link
- link FILE LINK
- Create hard LINK to FILE
- ln ln [OPTIONS] TARGET... LINK|DIR
- Create a link LINK or DIR/TARGET to the specified TARGET(s)
- -s Make symlinks instead of hardlinks
- -f Remove existing destinations
- -n Don't dereference symlinks - treat like normal file
- -b Make a backup of the target (if exists) before link operation
- -S suf Use suffix instead of ~ when making backup files
- -T 2nd arg must be a DIR
- -v Verbose
- loadfont
- loadfont < font
- Load a console font from stdin
- loadkmap
- loadkmap < keymap
- Load a binary keyboard translation table from stdin
- logger
- logger [OPTIONS] [MESSAGE]
- Write MESSAGE (or stdin) to syslog
- -s Log to stderr as well as the system log
- -t TAG Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name)
- -p PRIO Priority (numeric or facility.level pair)
- login
- login [-p] [-h HOST] [[-f] USER]
- Begin a new session on the system
- -f Don't authenticate (user already authenticated)
- -h HOST Host user came from (for network logins)
- -p Preserve environment
- logname
- logname
- Print the name of the current user
- logread
- logread [-fF]
- Show messages in syslogd's circular buffer
- -f Output data as log grows
- -F Same as -f, but dump buffer first
- losetup
- losetup [-r] [-o OFS] {-f|LOOPDEV} FILE - associate loop devices
- losetup -d LOOPDEV - disassociate losetup -a - show status losetup
- -f - show next free loop device
- -o OFS Start OFS bytes into FILE
- -r Read-only
- -f Show/use next free loop device
- lpd lpd SPOOLDIR [HELPER [ARGS]]
- SPOOLDIR must contain (symlinks to) device nodes or directories with
- names matching print queue names. In the first case, jobs are sent
- directly to the device. Otherwise each job is stored in queue
- directory and HELPER program is called. Name of file to print is
- passed in $DATAFILE variable. Example:
- tcpsvd -E 0 515 softlimit -m 999999 lpd /var/spool ./print
- lpq lpq [-P queue[@host[:port]]] [-U USERNAME] [-d JOBID]... [-fs]
- -P lp service to connect to (else uses $PRINTER)
- -d Delete jobs
- -f Force any waiting job to be printed
- -s Short display
- lpr lpr -P queue[@host[:port]] -U USERNAME -J TITLE -Vmh [FILE]...
- -P lp service to connect to (else uses $PRINTER)
- -m Send mail on completion
- -h Print banner page too
- -V Verbose
- ls ls [-1AaCxdLHRFplinshrSXvctu] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]...
- List directory contents
- -1 One column output
- -a Include entries which start with .
- -A Like -a, but exclude . and ..
- -x List by lines
- -d List directory entries instead of contents
- -L Follow symlinks
- -H Follow symlinks on command line
- -R Recurse
- -p Append / to dir entries
- -F Append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
- -l Long listing format
- -i List inode numbers
- -n List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
- -s List allocated blocks
- -lc List ctime
- -lu List atime
- --full-time List full date and time
- -h Human readable sizes (1K 243M 2G)
- --group-directories-first
- -S Sort by size
- -X Sort by extension
- -v Sort by version
- -t Sort by mtime
- -tc Sort by ctime
- -tu Sort by atime
- -r Reverse sort order
- -w N Format N columns wide
- --color[={always,never,auto}] Control coloring
- lsattr
- lsattr [-Radlv] [FILE]...
- List ext2 file attributes
- -R Recurse
- -a Don't hide entries starting with .
- -d List directory entries instead of contents
- -l List long flag names
- -v List version/generation number
- lsmod
- lsmod
- List loaded kernel modules
- lsof
- lsof
- Show all open files
- lspci
- lspci [-mk]
- List all PCI devices
- -m Parsable output
- -k Show driver
- lzcat
- lzcat [FILE]...
- Decompress to stdout
- lzma
- lzma -d [-cfk] [FILE]...
- Decompress FILE (or stdin)
- -d Decompress
- -c Write to stdout
- -f Force
- -k Keep input files
- lzop
- lzop [-cfUvd123456789CF] [FILE]...
- -1..9 Compression level
- -d Decompress
- -c Write to stdout
- -f Force
- -U Delete input files
- -v Verbose
- -F Don't store or verify checksum
- -C Also write checksum of compressed block
- makedevs
- makedevs [-d device_table] rootdir
- Create a range of special files as specified in a device table.
- Device table entries take the form of:
- <name> <type> <mode> <uid> <gid> <major> <minor> <start> <inc>
- <count> Where name is the file name, type can be one of: f Regular
- file d Directory c Character device b Block device p Fifo (named
- pipe) uid is the user id for the target file, gid is the group id
- for the target file. The rest of the entries (major, minor, etc)
- apply to to device special files. A '-' may be used for blank
- entries.
- makemime
- makemime [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
- Create multipart MIME-encoded message from FILEs
- -o FILE Output. Default: stdout
- -a HDR Add header(s). Examples:
- "From: user@host.org", "Date: `date -R`"
- -c CT Content type. Default: application/octet-stream
- -C CS Charset. Default: us-ascii
- Other options are silently ignored
- man man [-aw] [MANPAGE]...
- Format and display manual page
- -a Display all pages
- -w Show page locations
- $COLUMNS overrides output width
- md5sum
- md5sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...
- Print or check MD5 checksums
- -c Check sums against list in FILEs
- -s Don't output anything, status code shows success
- -w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
- mdev
- mdev [-s]
- mdev -s is to be run during boot to scan /sys and populate /dev.
- Bare mdev is a kernel hotplug helper. To activate it: echo
- /sbin/mdev >/proc/sys/kernel/hotplug
- It uses /etc/mdev.conf with lines [-][ENV=regex;]...DEVNAME UID:GID
- PERM [>|=PATH]|[!] [@|$|*PROG] where DEVNAME is device name regex,
- @major,minor[-minor2], or environment variable regex. A common use
- of the latter is to load modules for hotplugged devices:
- $MODALIAS=.* 0:0 660 @modprobe "$MODALIAS"
- If /dev/mdev.seq file exists, mdev will wait for its value to match
- $SEQNUM variable. This prevents plug/unplug races. To activate this
- feature, create empty /dev/mdev.seq at boot.
- If /dev/mdev.log file exists, debug log will be appended to it.
- mesg
- mesg [y|n]
- Control write access to your terminal y Allow write access to your
- terminal n Disallow write access to your terminal
- microcom
- microcom [-d DELAY] [-t TIMEOUT] [-s SPEED] [-X] TTY
- Copy bytes for stdin to TTY and from TTY to stdout
- -d Wait up to DELAY ms for TTY output before sending every
- next byte to it
- -t Exit if both stdin and TTY are silent for TIMEOUT ms
- -s Set serial line to SPEED
- -X Disable special meaning of NUL and Ctrl-X from stdin
- mkdir
- mkdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY...
- Create DIRECTORY
- -m MODE Mode
- -p No error if exists; make parent directories as needed
- mkdosfs
- mkdosfs [-v] [-n LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]
- Make a FAT32 filesystem
- -v Verbose
- -n LBL Volume label
- mke2fs
- mke2fs [-Fn] [-b BLK_SIZE] [-i INODE_RATIO] [-I INODE_SIZE] [-m
- RESERVED_PERCENT] [-L LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]
- -b BLK_SIZE Block size, bytes
- -F Force
- -i RATIO Max number of files is filesystem_size / RATIO
- -I BYTES Inode size (min 128)
- -L LBL Volume label
- -m PERCENT Percent of blocks to reserve for admin
- -n Dry run
- mkfifo
- mkfifo [-m MODE] NAME
- Create named pipe
- -m MODE Mode (default a=rw)
- mkfs.ext2
- mkfs.ext2 [-Fn] [-b BLK_SIZE] [-i INODE_RATIO] [-I INODE_SIZE] [-m
- RESERVED_PERCENT] [-L LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]
- -b BLK_SIZE Block size, bytes
- -F Force
- -i RATIO Max number of files is filesystem_size / RATIO
- -I BYTES Inode size (min 128)
- -L LBL Volume label
- -m PERCENT Percent of blocks to reserve for admin
- -n Dry run
- mkfs.minix
- mkfs.minix [-c | -l FILE] [-nXX] [-iXX] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]
- Make a MINIX filesystem
- -c Check device for bad blocks
- -n [14|30] Maximum length of filenames
- -i INODES Number of inodes for the filesystem
- -l FILE Read bad blocks list from FILE
- -v Make version 2 filesystem
- mkfs.vfat
- mkfs.vfat [-v] [-n LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]
- Make a FAT32 filesystem
- -v Verbose
- -n LBL Volume label
- mknod
- mknod [-m MODE] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR
- Create a special file (block, character, or pipe)
- -m MODE Creation mode (default a=rw)
- TYPE:
- b Block device
- c or u Character device
- p Named pipe (MAJOR and MINOR are ignored)
- mkpasswd
- mkpasswd [OPTIONS] [PASSWORD] [SALT]
- Print crypt(3) hashed PASSWORD
- -P,--password-fd N Read password from fd N
- -m,--method TYPE des,md5,sha256/512 (default des)
- -S,--salt SALT
- mkswap
- mkswap [-L LBL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]
- Prepare BLOCKDEV to be used as swap partition
- -L LBL Label
- mktemp
- mktemp [-dt] [-p DIR] [TEMPLATE]
- Create a temporary file with name based on TEMPLATE and print its
- name. TEMPLATE must end with XXXXXX (e.g. [/dir/]nameXXXXXX).
- Without TEMPLATE, -t tmp.XXXXXX is assumed.
- -d Make directory, not file
- -q Fail silently on errors
- -t Prepend base directory name to TEMPLATE
- -p DIR Use DIR as a base directory (implies -t)
- -u Do not create anything; print a name
- Base directory is: -p DIR, else $TMPDIR, else /tmp
- modinfo
- modinfo [-adlpn0] [-F keyword] MODULE
- -a Shortcut for '-F author'
- -d Shortcut for '-F description'
- -l Shortcut for '-F license'
- -p Shortcut for '-F parm'
- -F keyword Keyword to look for
- -0 Separate output with NULs
- modprobe
- modprobe [-rq] MODULE [SYMBOL=VALUE]...
- -r Remove MODULE
- -q Quiet
- more
- more [FILE]...
- View FILE (or stdin) one screenful at a time
- mount
- mount [OPTIONS] [-o OPT] DEVICE NODE
- Mount a filesystem. Filesystem autodetection requires /proc.
- -a Mount all filesystems in fstab
- -f Dry run
- -v Verbose
- -r Read-only mount
- -t FSTYPE[,...] Filesystem type(s)
- -T FILE Read FILE instead of /etc/fstab
- -O OPT Mount only filesystems with option OPT (-a only)
- -o OPT:
- loop Ignored (loop devices are autodetected)
- [a]sync Writes are [a]synchronous
- [no]atime Disable/enable updates to inode access times
- [no]diratime Disable/enable atime updates to directories
- [no]relatime Disable/enable atime updates relative to modification time
- [no]dev (Dis)allow use of special device files
- [no]exec (Dis)allow use of executable files
- [no]suid (Dis)allow set-user-id-root programs
- [r]shared Convert [recursively] to a shared subtree
- [r]slave Convert [recursively] to a slave subtree
- [r]private Convert [recursively] to a private subtree
- [un]bindable Make mount point [un]able to be bind mounted
- [r]bind Bind a file or directory [recursively] to another location
- move Relocate an existing mount point
- remount Remount a mounted filesystem, changing flags
- ro Same as -r
- There are filesystem-specific -o flags.
- mountpoint
- mountpoint [-q] <[-dn] DIR | -x DEVICE>
- Check if the directory is a mountpoint
- -q Quiet
- -d Print major/minor device number of the filesystem
- -n Print device name of the filesystem
- -x Print major/minor device number of the blockdevice
- mpstat
- mpstat [-A] [-I SUM|CPU|ALL|SCPU] [-u] [-P num|ALL] [INTERVAL
- [COUNT]]
- Per-processor statistics
- -A Same as -I ALL -u -P ALL
- -I SUM|CPU|ALL|SCPU Report interrupt statistics
- -P num|ALL Processor to monitor
- -u Report CPU utilization
- mt mt [-f device] opcode value
- Control magnetic tape drive operation
- Available Opcodes:
- bsf bsfm bsr bss datacompression drvbuffer eof eom erase fsf fsfm
- fsr fss load lock mkpart nop offline ras1 ras2 ras3 reset retension
- rewind rewoffline seek setblk setdensity setpart tell unload unlock
- weof wset
- mv mv [-fin] SOURCE DEST or: mv [-fin] SOURCE... DIRECTORY
- Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY
- -f Don't prompt before overwriting
- -i Interactive, prompt before overwrite
- -n Don't overwrite an existing file
- nameif
- nameif [-s] [-c FILE] [IFNAME SELECTOR]...
- Rename network interface while it in the down state. The device
- matched by SELECTOR is renamed to IFACE. SELECTOR can be a
- combination of:
- driver=STRING
- bus=STRING
- phy_address=NUM
- [mac=]XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX
- -c FILE Configuration file (default: /etc/mactab)
- -s Log to syslog
- nanddump
- nanddump [-no] [--bb padbad|skipbad] [-s ADDR] [-l LEN] [-f FILE]
- MTD_DEVICE
- Dump MTD_DEVICE
- -n Read without ecc
- -o Dump oob data
- -s ADDR Start address
- -l LEN Length
- -f FILE Dump to file ('-' for stdout)
- --bb METHOD
- skipbad: skip bad blocks
- padbad: substitute bad blocks by 0xff (default)
- nandwrite
- nandwrite [-np] [-s ADDR] MTD_DEVICE [FILE]
- Write to MTD_DEVICE
- -n Write without ecc
- -p Pad to page size
- -s ADDR Start address
- nbd-client
- nbd-client HOST PORT BLOCKDEV
- Connect to HOST and provide a network block device on BLOCKDEV
- nc nc [OPTIONS] HOST PORT - connect nc [OPTIONS] -l -p PORT [HOST]
- [PORT] - listen
- -e PROG Run PROG after connect (must be last)
- -l Listen mode, for inbound connects
- -lk With -e, provides persistent server
- -p PORT Local port
- -s ADDR Local address
- -w SEC Timeout for connects and final net reads
- -i SEC Delay interval for lines sent
- -n Don't do DNS resolution
- -u UDP mode
- -v Verbose
- -o FILE Hex dump traffic
- -z Zero-I/O mode (scanning)
- netstat
- netstat [-ral] [-tuwx] [-enWp]
- Display networking information
- -r Routing table
- -a All sockets
- -l Listening sockets
- Else: connected sockets
- -t TCP sockets
- -u UDP sockets
- -w Raw sockets
- -x Unix sockets
- Else: all socket types
- -e Other/more information
- -n Don't resolve names
- -W Wide display
- -p Show PID/program name for sockets
- nice
- nice [-n ADJUST] [PROG ARGS]
- Change scheduling priority, run PROG
- -n ADJUST Adjust priority by ADJUST
- nl nl [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
- Write FILEs to standard output with line numbers added
- -b STYLE Which lines to number - a: all, t: nonempty, n: none
- -i N Line number increment
- -s STRING Use STRING as line number separator
- -v N Start from N
- -w N Width of line numbers
- nmeter
- nmeter [-d MSEC] FORMAT_STRING
- Monitor system in real time
- -d MSEC Milliseconds between updates, default:1000, none:-1
- Format specifiers:
- %Nc or %[cN] CPU. N - bar size (default 10)
- (displays: S:system U:user N:niced D:iowait I:irq i:softirq)
- %[nINTERFACE] Network INTERFACE
- %m Allocated memory
- %[mf] Free memory
- %[mt] Total memory
- %s Allocated swap
- %f Number of used file descriptors
- %Ni Total/specific IRQ rate
- %x Context switch rate
- %p Forks
- %[pn] # of processes
- %b Block io
- %Nt Time (with N decimal points)
- %r Print <cr> instead of <lf> at EOL
- nohup
- nohup PROG ARGS
- Run PROG immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty
- nproc
- nproc
- Print number of CPUs
- nsenter
- nsenter [OPTIONS] [PROG [ARGS]]
- -t PID Target process to get namespaces from
- -m[FILE] Enter mount namespace
- -u[FILE] Enter UTS namespace (hostname etc)
- -i[FILE] Enter System V IPC namespace
- -n[FILE] Enter network namespace
- -p[FILE] Enter pid namespace
- -U[FILE] Enter user namespace
- -S UID Set uid in entered namespace
- -G GID Set gid in entered namespace
- --preserve-credentials Don't touch uids or gids
- -r[DIR] Set root directory
- -w[DIR] Set working directory
- -F Don't fork before exec'ing PROG
- nslookup
- nslookup [HOST] [SERVER]
- Query the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST optionally
- using a specified DNS server
- ntpd
- ntpd [-dnqNwl -I IFACE] [-S PROG] [-p PEER]...
- NTP client/server
- -d Verbose (may be repeated)
- -n Do not daemonize
- -q Quit after clock is set
- -N Run at high priority
- -w Do not set time (only query peers), implies -n
- -S PROG Run PROG after stepping time, stratum change, and every 11 mins
- -p PEER Obtain time from PEER (may be repeated)
- If -p is not given, 'server HOST' lines
- from /etc/ntp.conf are used
- -l Also run as server on port 123
- -I IFACE Bind server to IFACE, implies -l
- nuke
- nuke DIR...
- Remove DIRs
- od od [-abcdfhilovxs] [-t TYPE] [-A RADIX] [-N SIZE] [-j SKIP] [-S
- MINSTR] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]...
- Print FILEs (or stdin) unambiguously, as octal bytes by default
- openvt
- openvt [-c N] [-sw] [PROG ARGS]
- Start PROG on a new virtual terminal
- -c N Use specified VT
- -s Switch to the VT
- -w Wait for PROG to exit
- partprobe
- partprobe DEVICE...
- Ask kernel to rescan partition table
- passwd
- passwd [OPTIONS] [USER]
- Change USER's password (default: current user)
- -a ALG des,md5,sha256/512 (default des)
- -d Set password to ''
- -l Lock (disable) account
- -u Unlock (enable) account
- paste
- paste [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
- Paste lines from each input file, separated with tab
- -d LIST Use delimiters from LIST, not tab
- -s Serial: one file at a time
- patch
- patch [OPTIONS] [ORIGFILE [PATCHFILE]]
- -p,--strip N Strip N leading components from file names
- -i,--input DIFF Read DIFF instead of stdin
- -R,--reverse Reverse patch
- -N,--forward Ignore already applied patches
- -E,--remove-empty-files Remove output files if they become empty
- pgrep
- pgrep [-flanovx] [-s SID|-P PPID|PATTERN]
- Display process(es) selected by regex PATTERN
- -l Show command name too
- -a Show command line too
- -f Match against entire command line
- -n Show the newest process only
- -o Show the oldest process only
- -v Negate the match
- -x Match whole name (not substring)
- -s Match session ID (0 for current)
- -P Match parent process ID
- pidof
- pidof [OPTIONS] [NAME]...
- List PIDs of all processes with names that match NAMEs
- -s Show only one PID
- -o PID Omit given pid
- Use %PPID to omit pid of pidof's parent
- ping
- ping [OPTIONS] HOST
- Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts
- -4,-6 Force IP or IPv6 name resolution
- -c CNT Send only CNT pings
- -s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default 56)
- -t TTL Set TTL
- -I IFACE/IP Source interface or IP address
- -W SEC Seconds to wait for the first response (default 10)
- (after all -c CNT packets are sent)
- -w SEC Seconds until ping exits (default:infinite)
- (can exit earlier with -c CNT)
- -q Quiet, only display output at start
- and when finished
- -p HEXBYTE Pattern to use for payload
- ping6
- ping6 [OPTIONS] HOST
- Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts
- -c CNT Send only CNT pings
- -s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default 56)
- -I IFACE/IP Source interface or IP address
- -q Quiet, only display output at start
- and when finished
- -p HEXBYTE Pattern to use for payload
- pivot_root
- pivot_root NEW_ROOT PUT_OLD
- Move the current root file system to PUT_OLD and make NEW_ROOT the
- new root file system
- pkill
- pkill [-l|-SIGNAL] [-fnovx] [-s SID|-P PPID|PATTERN]
- Send a signal to process(es) selected by regex PATTERN
- -l List all signals
- -f Match against entire command line
- -n Signal the newest process only
- -o Signal the oldest process only
- -v Negate the match
- -x Match whole name (not substring)
- -s Match session ID (0 for current)
- -P Match parent process ID
- pmap
- pmap [-xq] PID...
- Display process memory usage
- -x Show details
- -q Quiet
- popmaildir
- popmaildir [OPTIONS] MAILDIR [CONN_HELPER ARGS]
- Fetch content of remote mailbox to local maildir
- -s Skip authorization
- -T Get messages with TOP instead of RETR
- -k Keep retrieved messages on the server
- -t SEC Network timeout
- -F "PROG ARGS" Filter program (may be repeated)
- -M "PROG ARGS" Delivery program
- Fetch from plain POP3 server: popmaildir -k DIR nc pop3.server.com
- 110 <user_and_pass.txt Fetch from SSLed POP3 server and delete
- fetched emails: popmaildir DIR -- openssl s_client -quiet -connect
- pop3.server.com:995 <user_and_pass.txt
- poweroff
- poweroff [-d DELAY] [-n] [-f]
- Halt and shut off power
- -d SEC Delay interval
- -n Do not sync
- -f Force (don't go through init)
- powertop
- powertop
- Analyze power consumption on Intel-based laptops
- printenv
- printenv [VARIABLE]...
- Print environment VARIABLEs. If no VARIABLE specified, print all.
- printf
- printf FORMAT [ARG]...
- Format and print ARG(s) according to FORMAT (a-la C printf)
- ps ps [-o COL1,COL2=HEADER] [-T]
- Show list of processes
- -o COL1,COL2=HEADER Select columns for display
- -T Show threads
- pscan
- pscan [-cb] [-p MIN_PORT] [-P MAX_PORT] [-t TIMEOUT] [-T MIN_RTT]
- HOST
- Scan a host, print all open ports
- -c Show closed ports too
- -b Show blocked ports too
- -p Scan from this port (default 1)
- -P Scan up to this port (default 1024)
- -t Timeout (default 5000 ms)
- -T Minimum rtt (default 5 ms, increase for congested hosts)
- pstree
- pstree [-p] [PID|USER]
- Display process tree, optionally start from USER or PID
- -p Show pids
- pwd pwd
- Print the full filename of the current working directory
- pwdx
- pwdx PID...
- Show current directory for PIDs
- raidautorun
- raidautorun DEVICE
- Tell the kernel to automatically search and start RAID arrays
- rdate
- rdate [-s/-p] HOST
- Set and print time from HOST using RFC 868
- -s Only set system time
- -p Only print time
- rdev
- rdev
- Print the device node associated with the filesystem mounted at '/'
- readahead
- readahead [FILE]...
- Preload FILEs to RAM
- readlink
- readlink [-fnv] FILE
- Display the value of a symlink
- -f Canonicalize by following all symlinks
- -n Don't add newline
- -v Verbose
- readprofile
- readprofile [OPTIONS]
- -m mapfile (Default: /boot/System.map)
- -p profile (Default: /proc/profile)
- -M NUM Set the profiling multiplier to NUM
- -i Print only info about the sampling step
- -v Verbose
- -a Print all symbols, even if count is 0
- -b Print individual histogram-bin counts
- -s Print individual counters within functions
- -r Reset all the counters (root only)
- -n Disable byte order auto-detection
- realpath
- realpath FILE...
- Return the absolute pathnames of given FILE
- reboot
- reboot [-d DELAY] [-n] [-f]
- Reboot the system
- -d SEC Delay interval
- -n Do not sync
- -f Force (don't go through init)
- reformime
- reformime [OPTIONS]
- Parse MIME-encoded message on stdin
- -x PREFIX Extract content of MIME sections to files
- -X PROG ARGS Filter content of MIME sections through PROG
- Must be the last option
- Other options are silently ignored
- remove-shell
- remove-shell SHELL...
- Remove SHELLs from /etc/shells
- renice
- renice [-n] PRIORITY [[-p | -g | -u] ID...]...
- Change scheduling priority of a running process
- -n Add PRIORITY to current nice value
- Without -n, nice value is set to PRIORITY
- -p Process ids (default)
- -g Process group ids
- -u Process user names
- reset
- reset
- Reset the screen
- resize
- resize
- Resize the screen
- resume
- resume BLOCKDEV [OFFSET]
- Restore system state from 'suspend-to-disk' data in BLOCKDEV
- rev rev [FILE]...
- Reverse lines of FILE
- rm rm [-irf] FILE...
- Remove (unlink) FILEs
- -i Always prompt before removing
- -f Never prompt
- -R,-r Recurse
- rmdir
- rmdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY...
- Remove DIRECTORY if it is empty
- -p Include parents
- --ignore-fail-on-non-empty
- rmmod
- rmmod MODULE...
- Unload kernel modules
- route
- route [{add|del|delete}]
- Edit kernel routing tables
- -n Don't resolve names
- -e Display other/more information
- -A inet{6} Select address family
- rpm rpm -i PACKAGE.rpm; rpm -qp[ildc] PACKAGE.rpm
- Manipulate RPM packages
- Commands:
- -i Install package
- -qp Query package
- -qpi Show information
- -qpl List contents
- -qpd List documents
- -qpc List config files
- rpm2cpio
- rpm2cpio PACKAGE.rpm
- Output a cpio archive of the rpm file
- rtcwake
- rtcwake [-a | -l | -u] [-d DEV] [-m MODE] [-s SEC | -t TIME]
- Enter a system sleep state until specified wakeup time
- -a,--auto Read clock mode from adjtime
- -l,--local Clock is set to local time
- -u,--utc Clock is set to UTC time
- -d,--device DEV Specify the RTC device
- -m,--mode MODE Set sleep state (default: standby)
- -s,--seconds SEC Set timeout in SEC seconds from now
- -t,--time TIME Set timeout to TIME seconds from epoch
- run-init
- run-init [-d CAP,CAP...] [-n] [-c CONSOLE_DEV] NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT
- [ARGS]
- Free initramfs and switch to another root fs:
- chroot to NEW_ROOT, delete all in /, move NEW_ROOT to /, execute
- NEW_INIT. PID must be 1. NEW_ROOT must be a mountpoint.
- -c DEV Reopen stdio to DEV after switch
- -d CAPS Drop capabilities
- -n Dry run
- run-parts
- run-parts [-a ARG]... [-u UMASK] [--reverse] [--test]
- [--exit-on-error] [--list] DIRECTORY
- Run a bunch of scripts in DIRECTORY
- -a ARG Pass ARG as argument to scripts
- -u UMASK Set UMASK before running scripts
- --reverse Reverse execution order
- --test Dry run
- --exit-on-error Exit if a script exits with non-zero
- --list Print names of matching files even if they are not executable
- runlevel
- runlevel [FILE]
- Find the current and previous system runlevel
- If no utmp FILE exists or if no runlevel record can be found, print
- "unknown"
- runsv
- runsv DIR
- Start and monitor a service and optionally an appendant log service
- runsvdir
- runsvdir [-P] [-s SCRIPT] DIR
- Start a runsv process for each subdirectory. If it exits, restart
- it.
- -P Put each runsv in a new session
- -s SCRIPT Run SCRIPT <signo> after signal is processed
- rx rx FILE
- Receive a file using the xmodem protocol
- script
- script [-afq] [-t[FILE]] [-c PROG] [OUTFILE]
- Default OUTFILE is 'typescript'
- -a Append output
- -c PROG Run PROG, not shell
- -q Quiet
- -t[FILE] Send timing to stderr or FILE
- scriptreplay
- scriptreplay TIMINGFILE [TYPESCRIPT [DIVISOR]]
- Play back typescripts, using timing information
- sed sed [-i[SFX]] [-nrE] [-f FILE]... [-e CMD]... [FILE]... or: sed
- [-i[SFX]] [-nrE] CMD [FILE]...
- -e CMD Add CMD to sed commands to be executed
- -f FILE Add FILE contents to sed commands to be executed
- -i[SFX] Edit files in-place (otherwise sends to stdout)
- Optionally back files up, appending SFX
- -n Suppress automatic printing of pattern space
- -r,-E Use extended regex syntax
- If no -e or -f, the first non-option argument is the sed command
- string. Remaining arguments are input files (stdin if none).
- sendmail
- sendmail [-tv] [-f SENDER] [-amLOGIN 4<user_pass.txt | -auUSER
- -apPASS] [-w SECS] [-H 'PROG ARGS' | -S HOST] [RECIPIENT_EMAIL]...
- Read email from stdin and send it
- Standard options:
- -t Read additional recipients from message body
- -f SENDER For use in MAIL FROM:<sender>. Can be empty string
- Default: -auUSER, or username of current UID
- -o OPTIONS Various options. -oi implied, others are ignored
- -i -oi synonym, implied and ignored
- Busybox specific options:
- -v Verbose
- -w SECS Network timeout
- -H 'PROG ARGS' Run connection helper. Examples:
- openssl s_client -quiet -tls1 -starttls smtp -connect smtp.gmail.com:25
- openssl s_client -quiet -tls1 -connect smtp.gmail.com:465
- $SMTP_ANTISPAM_DELAY: seconds to wait after helper connect
- -S HOST[:PORT] Server (default $SMTPHOST or 127.0.0.1)
- -amLOGIN Log in using AUTH LOGIN (-amCRAM-MD5 not supported)
- -auUSER Username for AUTH
- -apPASS Password for AUTH
- If no -a options are given, authentication is not done. If -amLOGIN
- is given but no -au/-ap, user/password is read from fd #4. Other
- options are silently ignored; -oi is implied. Use makemime to create
- emails with attachments.
- seq seq [-w] [-s SEP] [FIRST [INC]] LAST
- Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INC. FIRST, INC
- default to 1.
- -w Pad to last with leading zeros
- -s SEP String separator
- setarch
- setarch PERSONALITY [-R] PROG ARGS
- PERSONALITY may be:
- linux32 Set 32bit uname emulation
- linux64 Set 64bit uname emulation
- -R Disable address space randomization
- setconsole
- setconsole [-r] [DEVICE]
- Make writes to /dev/console appear on DEVICE (default: /dev/tty).
- Does not redirect kernel log output or reads from /dev/console.
- -r Reset: writes to /dev/console go to kernel log tty(s)
- setfattr
- setfattr [-h] -n|-x ATTR [-v VALUE] FILE...
- Set extended attributes
- -h Do not follow symlinks
- -x ATTR Remove attribute ATTR
- -n ATTR Set attribute ATTR to VALUE
- -v VALUE (default: empty)
- setfont
- setfont FONT [-m MAPFILE] [-C TTY]
- Load a console font
- -m MAPFILE Load console screen map
- -C TTY Affect TTY instead of /dev/tty
- setkeycodes
- setkeycodes { SCANCODE KEYCODE }...
- Modify kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing unusual keyboards
- to generate usable keycodes.
- SCANCODE is either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), KEYCODE is decimal.
- setlogcons
- setlogcons [N]
- Pin kernel output to VT console N. Default:0 (do not pin)
- setpriv
- setpriv [OPTIONS] PROG [ARGS]
- Run PROG with different privilege settings
- -d,--dump Show current capabilities --nnp,--no-new-privs Ignore
- setuid/setgid bits and file capabilities --inh-caps CAP,CAP Set
- inheritable capabilities --ambient-caps CAP,CAP Set ambient
- capabilities
- setserial
- setserial [-abGvz] { DEVICE [PARAMETER [ARG]]... | -g DEVICE... }
- Print or set serial port parameters
- -a Print all
- -b Print summary
- -G Print as setserial PARAMETERs
- -v Verbose
- -z Zero out serial flags before setting
- -g All args are device names
- PARAMETERs: (* = takes ARG, ^ = can be turned off by preceding ^)
- *port, *irq, *divisor, *uart, *baud_base, *close_delay,
- *closing_wait, ^fourport, ^auto_irq, ^skip_test, ^sak,
- ^session_lockout, ^pgrp_lockout, ^callout_nohup, ^split_termios,
- ^hup_notify, ^low_latency, autoconfig, spd_normal, spd_hi, spd_vhi,
- spd_shi, spd_warp, spd_cust ARG for uart:
- unknown, 8250, 16450, 16550, 16550A, Cirrus, 16650, 16650V2, 16750,
- 16950, 16954, 16654, 16850, RSA, NS16550A, XSCALE, RM9000, OCTEON, AR7,
- U6_16550A
- setsid
- setsid [-c] PROG ARGS
- Run PROG in a new session. PROG will have no controlling terminal
- and will not be affected by keyboard signals (^C etc).
- -c Set controlling terminal to stdin
- setuidgid
- setuidgid USER PROG ARGS
- Set uid and gid to USER's uid and gid, drop supplementary group ids,
- run PROG
- sh sh [-/+OPTIONS] [-/+o OPT]... [-c 'SCRIPT' [ARG0 [ARGS]] / FILE
- [ARGS]]
- Unix shell interpreter
- sha1sum
- sha1sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...
- Print or check SHA1 checksums
- -c Check sums against list in FILEs
- -s Don't output anything, status code shows success
- -w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
- sha256sum
- sha256sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...
- Print or check SHA256 checksums
- -c Check sums against list in FILEs
- -s Don't output anything, status code shows success
- -w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
- sha3sum
- sha3sum [-c[sw]] [-a BITS] [FILE]...
- Print or check SHA3 checksums
- -c Check sums against list in FILEs
- -s Don't output anything, status code shows success
- -w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
- -a BITS 224 (default), 256, 384, 512
- sha512sum
- sha512sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...
- Print or check SHA512 checksums
- -c Check sums against list in FILEs
- -s Don't output anything, status code shows success
- -w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines
- showkey
- showkey [-a | -k | -s]
- Show keys pressed
- -a Display decimal/octal/hex values of the keys
- -k Display interpreted keycodes (default)
- -s Display raw scan-codes
- shred
- shred FILE...
- Overwrite/delete FILEs
- -f Chmod to ensure writability
- -n N Overwrite N times (default 3)
- -z Final overwrite with zeros
- -u Remove file
- shuf
- shuf [-e|-i L-H] [-n NUM] [-o FILE] [-z] [FILE|ARG...]
- Randomly permute lines
- -e Treat ARGs as lines
- -i L-H Treat numbers L-H as lines
- -n NUM Output at most NUM lines
- -o FILE Write to FILE, not standard output
- -z End lines with zero byte, not newline
- slattach
- slattach [-ehmLF] [-c SCRIPT] [-s BAUD] [-p PROTOCOL] SERIAL_DEVICE
- Configure serial line as SLIP network interface
- -p PROT Protocol: slip, cslip (default), slip6, clisp6, adaptive
- -s BAUD Line speed
- -e Exit after initialization
- -h Exit if carrier is lost (else never exits)
- -c PROG Run PROG on carrier loss
- -m Do NOT set raw 8bit mode
- -L Enable 3-wire operation
- -F Disable RTS/CTS flow control
- sleep
- sleep [N]...
- Pause for a time equal to the total of the args given, where each
- arg can have an optional suffix of (s)econds, (m)inutes, (h)ours, or
- (d)ays
- smemcap
- smemcap >SMEMDATA.TAR
- Collect memory usage data in /proc and write it to stdout
- softlimit
- softlimit [-a BYTES] [-m BYTES] [-d BYTES] [-s BYTES] [-l BYTES] [-f
- BYTES] [-c BYTES] [-r BYTES] [-o N] [-p N] [-t N] PROG ARGS
- Set soft resource limits, then run PROG
- -a BYTES Limit total size of all segments
- -m BYTES Same as -d BYTES -s BYTES -l BYTES -a BYTES
- -d BYTES Limit data segment
- -s BYTES Limit stack segment
- -l BYTES Limit locked memory size
- -o N Limit number of open files per process
- -p N Limit number of processes per uid
- Options controlling file sizes:
- -f BYTES Limit output file sizes
- -c BYTES Limit core file size
- Efficiency opts:
- -r BYTES Limit resident set size
- -t N Limit CPU time, process receives
- a SIGXCPU after N seconds
- sort
- sort [-nrugMcszbdfiokt] [-o FILE] [-k
- start[.offset][opts][,end[.offset][opts]] [-t CHAR] [FILE]...
- Sort lines of text
- -o FILE Output to FILE
- -c Check whether input is sorted
- -b Ignore leading blanks
- -f Ignore case
- -i Ignore unprintable characters
- -d Dictionary order (blank or alphanumeric only)
- -g General numerical sort
- -M Sort month
- -n Sort numbers
- -t CHAR Field separator
- -k N[,M] Sort by Nth field
- -r Reverse sort order
- -s Stable (don't sort ties alphabetically)
- -u Suppress duplicate lines
- -z Lines are terminated by NUL, not newline
- split
- split [OPTIONS] [INPUT [PREFIX]]
- -b N[k|m] Split by N (kilo|mega)bytes
- -l N Split by N lines
- -a N Use N letters as suffix
- ssl_client
- ssl_client -s FD [-r FD] [-n SNI]
- start-stop-daemon
- start-stop-daemon [OPTIONS] [-S|-K] ... [-- ARGS...]
- Search for matching processes, and then -K: stop all matching
- processes -S: start a process unless a matching process is found
- Process matching:
- -u USERNAME|UID Match only this user's processes
- -n NAME Match processes with NAME
- in comm field in /proc/PID/stat
- -x EXECUTABLE Match processes with this command
- command in /proc/PID/cmdline
- -p FILE Match a process with PID from FILE
- All specified conditions must match
- -S only:
- -x EXECUTABLE Program to run
- -a NAME Zeroth argument
- -b Background
- -N N Change nice level
- -c USER[:[GRP]] Change user/group
- -m Write PID to pidfile specified by -p
- -K only:
- -s SIG Signal to send
- -t Match only, exit with 0 if found
- Other:
- -o Exit with status 0 if nothing is done
- -v Verbose
- -q Quiet
- stat
- stat [OPTIONS] FILE...
- Display file (default) or filesystem status
- -c FMT Use the specified format
- -f Display filesystem status
- -L Follow links
- -t Terse display
- FMT sequences for files:
- %a Access rights in octal
- %A Access rights in human readable form
- %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B)
- %B Size in bytes of each block reported by %b
- %d Device number in decimal
- %D Device number in hex
- %f Raw mode in hex
- %F File type
- %g Group ID
- %G Group name
- %h Number of hard links
- %i Inode number
- %n File name
- %N File name, with -> TARGET if symlink
- %o I/O block size
- %s Total size in bytes
- %t Major device type in hex
- %T Minor device type in hex
- %u User ID
- %U User name
- %x Time of last access
- %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch
- %y Time of last modification
- %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch
- %z Time of last change
- %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch
- FMT sequences for file systems:
- %a Free blocks available to non-superuser
- %b Total data blocks
- %c Total file nodes
- %d Free file nodes
- %f Free blocks
- %i File System ID in hex
- %l Maximum length of filenames
- %n File name
- %s Block size (for faster transfer)
- %S Fundamental block size (for block counts)
- %t Type in hex
- %T Type in human readable form
- strings
- strings [-fo] [-t o/d/x] [-n LEN] [FILE]...
- Display printable strings in a binary file
- -f Precede strings with filenames
- -o Precede strings with octal offsets
- -t o/d/x Precede strings with offsets in base 8/10/16
- -n LEN At least LEN characters form a string (default 4)
- stty
- stty [-a|g] [-F DEVICE] [SETTING]...
- Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations
- from stty sane
- -F DEVICE Open device instead of stdin
- -a Print all current settings in human-readable form
- -g Print in stty-readable form
- [SETTING] See manpage
- su su [-lmp] [-] [-s SH] [USER [SCRIPT ARGS / -c 'CMD' ARG0 ARGS]]
- Run shell under USER (by default, root)
- -,-l Clear environment, go to home dir, run shell as login shell
- -p,-m Do not set new $HOME, $SHELL, $USER, $LOGNAME
- -c CMD Command to pass to 'sh -c'
- -s SH Shell to use instead of user's default
- sulogin
- sulogin [-t N] [TTY]
- Single user login
- -t N Timeout
- sum sum [-rs] [FILE]...
- Checksum and count the blocks in a file
- -r Use BSD sum algorithm (1K blocks)
- -s Use System V sum algorithm (512byte blocks)
- sv sv [-v] [-w SEC] CMD SERVICE_DIR...
- Control services monitored by runsv supervisor. Commands (only first
- character is enough):
- status: query service status up: if service isn't running, start it.
- If service stops, restart it once: like 'up', but if service stops,
- don't restart it down: send TERM and CONT signals. If ./run exits,
- start ./finish if it exists. After it stops, don't restart service
- exit: send TERM and CONT signals to service and log service. If they
- exit, runsv exits too pause, cont, hup, alarm, interrupt, quit, 1,
- 2, term, kill: send STOP, CONT, HUP, ALRM, INT, QUIT, USR1, USR2,
- TERM, KILL signal to service
- svc svc [-udopchaitkx] SERVICE_DIR...
- Control services monitored by runsv supervisor
- -u If service is not running, start it; restart if it stops
- -d If service is running, send TERM+CONT signals; do not restart it
- -o Once: if service is not running, start it; do not restart it
- -pchaitk Send STOP, CONT, HUP, ALRM, INT, TERM, KILL signal to service
- -x Exit: runsv will exit as soon as the service is down
- svlogd
- svlogd [-tttv] [-r C] [-R CHARS] [-l MATCHLEN] [-b BUFLEN] DIR...
- Read log data from stdin and write to rotated log files in DIRs
- -r C Replace non-printable characters with C -R CHARS Also replace
- CHARS with C (default _) -t Timestamp with @tai64n -tt Timestamp
- with yyyy-mm-dd_hh:mm:ss.sssss -ttt Timestamp with
- yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss.sssss -v Verbose
- DIR/config file modifies behavior: sSIZE - when to rotate logs
- (default 1000000, 0 disables) nNUM - number of files to retain !PROG
- - process rotated log with PROG +,-PATTERN - (de)select line for
- logging E,ePATTERN - (de)select line for stderr
- swapoff
- swapoff [-a] [DEVICE]
- Stop swapping on DEVICE
- -a Stop swapping on all swap devices
- swapon
- swapon [-a] [-e] [-d[POL]] [-p PRI] [DEVICE]
- Start swapping on DEVICE
- -a Start swapping on all swap devices
- -d[POL] Discard blocks at swapon (POL=once),
- as freed (POL=pages), or both (POL omitted)
- -e Silently skip devices that do not exist
- -p PRI Set swap device priority
- switch_root
- switch_root [-c CONSOLE_DEV] NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT [ARGS]
- Free initramfs and switch to another root fs:
- chroot to NEW_ROOT, delete all in /, move NEW_ROOT to /, execute
- NEW_INIT. PID must be 1. NEW_ROOT must be a mountpoint.
- -c DEV Reopen stdio to DEV after switch
- sync
- sync [-df] [FILE]...
- Write all buffered blocks (in FILEs) to disk -d Avoid syncing
- metadata -f Sync filesystems underlying FILEs
- sysctl
- sysctl -p [-enq] [FILE...] / [-enqaw] [KEY[=VALUE]]...
- Show/set kernel parameters
- -p Set values from FILEs (default /etc/sysctl.conf)
- -e Don't warn about unknown keys
- -n Don't show key names
- -q Quiet
- -a Show all values
- -w Set values
- syslogd
- syslogd [OPTIONS]
- System logging utility
- -n Run in foreground
- -R HOST[:PORT] Log to HOST:PORT (default PORT:514)
- -L Log locally and via network (default is network only if -R)
- -C[size_kb] Log to shared mem buffer (use logread to read it)
- -K Log to kernel printk buffer (use dmesg to read it)
- -O FILE Log to FILE (default: /var/log/messages, stdout if -)
- -s SIZE Max size (KB) before rotation (default 200KB, 0=off)
- -b N N rotated logs to keep (default 1, max 99, 0=purge)
- -l N Log only messages more urgent than prio N (1-8)
- -S Smaller output
- -D Drop duplicates
- -f FILE Use FILE as config (default:/etc/syslog.conf)
- tac tac [FILE]...
- Concatenate FILEs and print them in reverse
- tail
- tail [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
- Print last 10 lines of each FILE (or stdin) to stdout. With more
- than one FILE, precede each with a filename header.
- -f Print data as file grows
- -c [+]N[kbm] Print last N bytes
- -n N[kbm] Print last N lines
- -n +N[kbm] Start on Nth line and print the rest
- -q Never print headers
- -s SECONDS Wait SECONDS between reads with -f
- -v Always print headers
- -F Same as -f, but keep retrying
- N may be suffixed by k (x1024), b (x512), or m (x1024^2).
- tar tar c|x|t [-zJjahmvO] [-f TARFILE] [-C DIR] [-T FILE] [-X FILE]
- [--exclude PATTERN]... [FILE]...
- Create, extract, or list files from a tar file
- Operation:
- c Create
- x Extract
- t List
- -f FILE Name of TARFILE ('-' for stdin/out)
- -C DIR Change to DIR before operation
- -v Verbose
- -z (De)compress using gzip
- -J (De)compress using xz
- -j (De)compress using bzip2
- -a (De)compress using lzma
- -O Extract to stdout
- -h Follow symlinks
- -m Don't restore mtime
- -T FILE File with names to include
- -X FILE File with glob patterns to exclude
- --exclude PATTERN Glob pattern to exclude
- taskset
- taskset [-p] [HEXMASK] PID | PROG ARGS
- Set or get CPU affinity
- -p Operate on an existing PID
- tcpsvd
- tcpsvd [-hEv] [-c N] [-C N[:MSG]] [-b N] [-u USER] [-l NAME] IP PORT
- PROG
- Create TCP socket, bind to IP:PORT and listen for incoming
- connections. Run PROG for each connection.
- IP PORT IP:PORT to listen on
- PROG ARGS Program to run
- -u USER[:GRP] Change to user/group after bind
- -c N Up to N connections simultaneously (default 30)
- -b N Allow backlog of approximately N TCP SYNs (default 20)
- -C N[:MSG] Allow only up to N connections from the same IP:
- new connections from this IP address are closed
- immediately, MSG is written to the peer before close
- -E Don't set up environment
- -h Look up peer's hostname
- -l NAME Local hostname (else look up local hostname in DNS)
- -v Verbose
- Environment if no -E: PROTO='TCP' TCPREMOTEADDR='ip:port'
- ('[ip]:port' for IPv6) TCPLOCALADDR='ip:port'
- TCPORIGDSTADDR='ip:port' of destination before firewall Useful for
- REDIRECTed-to-local connections: iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p
- tcp --dport 80 -j REDIRECT --to 8080
- TCPCONCURRENCY=num_of_connects_from_this_ip If -h:
- TCPLOCALHOST='hostname' (-l NAME is used if specified)
- TCPREMOTEHOST='hostname'
- tee tee [-ai] [FILE]...
- Copy stdin to each FILE, and also to stdout
- -a Append to the given FILEs, don't overwrite
- -i Ignore interrupt signals (SIGINT)
- telnet
- telnet [-a] [-l USER] HOST [PORT]
- Connect to telnet server
- -a Automatic login with $USER variable
- -l USER Automatic login as USER
- telnetd
- telnetd [OPTIONS]
- Handle incoming telnet connections
- -l LOGIN Exec LOGIN on connect
- -f ISSUE_FILE Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue
- -K Close connection as soon as login exits
- (normally wait until all programs close slave pty)
- -p PORT Port to listen on
- -b ADDR[:PORT] Address to bind to
- -F Run in foreground
- -i Inetd mode
- -w SEC Inetd 'wait' mode, linger time SEC
- -S Log to syslog (implied by -i or without -F and -w)
- tftp
- tftp [OPTIONS] HOST [PORT]
- Transfer a file from/to tftp server
- -l FILE Local FILE
- -r FILE Remote FILE
- -g Get file
- -p Put file
- -b SIZE Transfer blocks of SIZE octets
- tftpd
- tftpd [-cr] [-u USER] [DIR]
- Transfer a file on tftp client's request
- tftpd should be used as an inetd service. tftpd's line for
- inetd.conf: 69 dgram udp nowait root tftpd tftpd -l /files/to/serve
- It also can be ran from udpsvd:
- udpsvd -vE 0.0.0.0 69 tftpd /files/to/serve
- -r Prohibit upload
- -c Allow file creation via upload
- -u Access files as USER
- -l Log to syslog (inetd mode requires this)
- time
- time [-vpa] [-o FILE] PROG ARGS
- Run PROG, display resource usage when it exits
- -v Verbose
- -p POSIX output format
- -f FMT Custom format
- -o FILE Write result to FILE
- -a Append (else overwrite)
- timeout
- timeout [-t SECS] [-s SIG] PROG ARGS
- Runs PROG. Sends SIG to it if it is not gone in SECS seconds.
- Defaults: SECS: 10, SIG: TERM.
- top top [-b] [-nCOUNT] [-dSECONDS] [-m]
- Provide a view of process activity in real time. Read the status of
- all processes from /proc each SECONDS and display a screenful of
- them. Keys:
- N/M/P/T: show CPU usage, sort by pid/mem/cpu/time
- S: show memory
- R: reverse sort
- H: toggle threads, 1: toggle SMP
- Q,^C: exit
- Options:
- -b Batch mode
- -n N Exit after N iterations
- -d N Delay between updates
- -m Same as 's' key
- touch
- touch [-c] [-d DATE] [-t DATE] [-r FILE] FILE...
- Update the last-modified date on the given FILE[s]
- -c Don't create files
- -h Don't follow links
- -d DT Date/time to use
- -t DT Date/time to use
- -r FILE Use FILE's date/time
- tr tr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2]
- Translate, squeeze, or delete characters from stdin, writing to
- stdout
- -c Take complement of STRING1
- -d Delete input characters coded STRING1
- -s Squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character
- traceroute
- traceroute [-46FIlnrv] [-f 1ST_TTL] [-m MAXTTL] [-q PROBES] [-p
- PORT] [-t TOS] [-w WAIT_SEC] [-s SRC_IP] [-i IFACE] [-z PAUSE_MSEC]
- HOST [BYTES]
- Trace the route to HOST
- -4,-6 Force IP or IPv6 name resolution
- -F Set don't fragment bit
- -I Use ICMP ECHO instead of UDP datagrams
- -l Display TTL value of the returned packet
- -n Print numeric addresses
- -r Bypass routing tables, send directly to HOST
- -v Verbose
- -f N First number of hops (default 1)
- -m N Max number of hops
- -q N Number of probes per hop (default 3)
- -p N Base UDP port number used in probes
- (default 33434)
- -s IP Source address
- -i IFACE Source interface
- -t N Type-of-service in probe packets (default 0)
- -w SEC Time to wait for a response (default 3)
- -g IP Loose source route gateway (8 max)
- traceroute6
- traceroute6 [-nrv] [-m MAXTTL] [-q PROBES] [-p PORT] [-t TOS] [-w
- WAIT_SEC] [-s SRC_IP] [-i IFACE] HOST [BYTES]
- Trace the route to HOST
- -n Print numeric addresses
- -r Bypass routing tables, send directly to HOST
- -v Verbose
- -m N Max number of hops
- -q N Number of probes per hop (default 3)
- -p N Base UDP port number used in probes
- (default 33434)
- -s IP Source address
- -i IFACE Source interface
- -t N Type-of-service in probe packets (default 0)
- -w SEC Time wait for a response (default 3)
- truncate
- truncate [-c] -s SIZE FILE...
- Truncate FILEs to the given size
- -c Do not create files
- -s SIZE Truncate to SIZE
- tty tty
- Print file name of stdin's terminal
- -s Print nothing, only return exit status
- ttysize
- ttysize [w] [h]
- Print dimensions of stdin tty, or 80x24
- tunctl
- tunctl [-f device] ([-t name] | -d name) [-u owner] [-g group] [-b]
- Create or delete tun interfaces
- -f name tun device (/dev/net/tun)
- -t name Create iface 'name'
- -d name Delete iface 'name'
- -u owner Set iface owner
- -g group Set iface group
- -b Brief output
- ubiattach
- ubiattach -m MTD_NUM [-d UBI_NUM] [-O VID_HDR_OFF] UBI_CTRL_DEV
- Attach MTD device to UBI
- -m MTD_NUM MTD device number to attach
- -d UBI_NUM UBI device number to assign
- -O VID_HDR_OFF VID header offset
- ubidetach
- ubidetach -d UBI_NUM UBI_CTRL_DEV
- Detach MTD device from UBI
- -d UBI_NUM UBI device number
- ubimkvol
- ubimkvol -N NAME [-s SIZE | -m] UBI_DEVICE
- Create UBI volume
- -a ALIGNMENT Volume alignment (default 1)
- -m Set volume size to maximum available
- -n VOLID Volume ID. If not specified,
- assigned automatically
- -N NAME Volume name
- -s SIZE Size in bytes
- -t TYPE Volume type (static|dynamic)
- ubirename
- ubirename UBI_DEVICE OLD_VOLNAME NEW_VOLNAME [OLD2 NEW2]...
- Rename UBI volumes on UBI_DEVICE
- ubirmvol
- ubirmvol -n VOLID / -N VOLNAME UBI_DEVICE
- Remove UBI volume
- -n VOLID Volume ID
- -N VOLNAME Volume name
- ubirsvol
- ubirsvol -n VOLID -s SIZE UBI_DEVICE
- Resize UBI volume
- -n VOLID Volume ID
- -s SIZE Size in bytes
- ubiupdatevol
- ubiupdatevol -t UBI_DEVICE | [-s SIZE] UBI_DEVICE IMG_FILE
- Update UBI volume
- -t Truncate to zero size
- -s SIZE Size in bytes to resize to
- udhcpc
- udhcpc [-fbqvRB] [-a[MSEC]] [-t N] [-T SEC] [-A SEC/-n] [-i IFACE]
- [-s PROG] [-p PIDFILE] [-oC] [-r IP] [-V VENDOR] [-F NAME] [-x
- OPT:VAL]... [-O OPT]...
- -i IFACE Interface to use (default eth0)
- -s PROG Run PROG at DHCP events (default /usr/share/udhcpc/default.script)
- -p FILE Create pidfile
- -B Request broadcast replies
- -t N Send up to N discover packets (default 3)
- -T SEC Pause between packets (default 3)
- -A SEC Wait if lease is not obtained (default 20)
- -n Exit if lease is not obtained
- -q Exit after obtaining lease
- -R Release IP on exit
- -f Run in foreground
- -b Background if lease is not obtained
- -S Log to syslog too
- -a[MSEC] Validate offered address with ARP ping
- -r IP Request this IP address
- -o Don't request any options (unless -O is given)
- -O OPT Request option OPT from server (cumulative)
- -x OPT:VAL Include option OPT in sent packets (cumulative)
- Examples of string, numeric, and hex byte opts:
- -x hostname:bbox - option 12
- -x lease:3600 - option 51 (lease time)
- -x 0x3d:0100BEEFC0FFEE - option 61 (client id)
- -F NAME Ask server to update DNS mapping for NAME
- -V VENDOR Vendor identifier (default 'udhcp VERSION')
- -C Don't send MAC as client identifier
- -v Verbose
- Signals:
- USR1 Renew lease
- USR2 Release lease
- udhcpd
- udhcpd [-fS] [-I ADDR] [CONFFILE]
- DHCP server
- -f Run in foreground
- -S Log to syslog too
- -I ADDR Local address
- -a MSEC Timeout for ARP ping (default 2000)
- udpsvd
- udpsvd [-hEv] [-c N] [-u USER] [-l NAME] IP PORT PROG
- Create UDP socket, bind to IP:PORT and wait for incoming packets.
- Run PROG for each packet, redirecting all further packets with same
- peer ip:port to it.
- IP PORT IP:PORT to listen on
- PROG ARGS Program to run
- -u USER[:GRP] Change to user/group after bind
- -c N Up to N connections simultaneously (default 30)
- -E Don't set up environment
- -h Look up peer's hostname
- -l NAME Local hostname (else look up local hostname in DNS)
- -v Verbose
- Environment if no -E: PROTO='UDP' UDPREMOTEADDR='ip:port'
- ('[ip]:port' for IPv6) UDPLOCALADDR='ip:port' If -h:
- UDPLOCALHOST='hostname' (-l NAME is used if specified)
- UDPREMOTEHOST='hostname'
- uevent
- uevent [PROG [ARGS]]
- uevent runs PROG for every netlink notification. PROG's environment
- contains data passed from the kernel. Typical usage (daemon for
- dynamic device node creation): # uevent mdev & mdev -s
- umount
- umount [OPTIONS] FILESYSTEM|DIRECTORY
- Unmount file systems
- -a Unmount all file systems
- -r Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
- -l Lazy umount (detach filesystem)
- -f Force umount (i.e., unreachable NFS server)
- -d Free loop device if it has been used
- uname
- uname [-amnrspvio]
- Print system information
- -a Print all
- -m The machine (hardware) type
- -n Hostname
- -r Kernel release
- -s Kernel name (default)
- -p Processor type
- -v Kernel version
- -i The hardware platform
- -o OS name
- unexpand
- unexpand [-fa][-t N] [FILE]...
- Convert spaces to tabs, writing to stdout
- -a Convert all blanks
- -f Convert only leading blanks
- -t N Tabstops every N chars
- uniq
- uniq [-cdu][-f,s,w N] [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
- Discard duplicate lines
- -c Prefix lines by the number of occurrences
- -d Only print duplicate lines
- -u Only print unique lines
- -i Ignore case
- -f N Skip first N fields
- -s N Skip first N chars (after any skipped fields)
- -w N Compare N characters in line
- unix2dos
- unix2dos [-ud] [FILE]
- Convert FILE in-place from Unix to DOS format. When no file is
- given, use stdin/stdout.
- -u dos2unix
- -d unix2dos
- unlink
- unlink FILE
- Delete FILE by calling unlink()
- unlzma
- unlzma [-cfk] [FILE]...
- Decompress FILE (or stdin)
- -c Write to stdout
- -f Force
- -k Keep input files
- unshare
- unshare [OPTIONS] [PROG [ARGS]]
- -m,--mount[=FILE] Unshare mount namespace
- -u,--uts[=FILE] Unshare UTS namespace (hostname etc.)
- -i,--ipc[=FILE] Unshare System V IPC namespace
- -n,--net[=FILE] Unshare network namespace
- -p,--pid[=FILE] Unshare PID namespace
- -U,--user[=FILE] Unshare user namespace
- -f,--fork Fork before execing PROG
- -r,--map-root-user Map current user to root (implies -U)
- --mount-proc[=DIR] Mount /proc filesystem first (implies -m)
- --propagation slave|shared|private|unchanged
- Modify mount propagation in mount namespace
- --setgroups allow|deny Control the setgroups syscall in user namespaces
- unxz
- unxz [-cfk] [FILE]...
- Decompress FILE (or stdin)
- -c Write to stdout
- -f Force
- -k Keep input files
- unzip
- unzip [-lnojpq] FILE[.zip] [FILE]... [-x FILE...] [-d DIR]
- Extract FILEs from ZIP archive
- -l List contents (with -q for short form)
- -n Never overwrite files (default: ask)
- -o Overwrite
- -j Do not restore paths
- -p Print to stdout
- -q Quiet
- -x FILE Exclude FILEs
- -d DIR Extract into DIR
- uptime
- uptime
- Display the time since the last boot
- users
- users
- Print the users currently logged on
- usleep
- usleep N
- Pause for N microseconds
- uudecode
- uudecode [-o OUTFILE] [INFILE]
- Uudecode a file Finds OUTFILE in uuencoded source unless -o is given
- uuencode
- uuencode [-m] [FILE] STORED_FILENAME
- Uuencode FILE (or stdin) to stdout
- -m Use base64 encoding per RFC1521
- vconfig
- vconfig COMMAND [OPTIONS]
- Create and remove virtual ethernet devices
- add IFACE VLAN_ID
- rem VLAN_NAME
- set_flag IFACE 0|1 VLAN_QOS
- set_egress_map VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS
- set_ingress_map VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS
- set_name_type NAME_TYPE
- vi vi [OPTIONS] [FILE]...
- Edit FILE
- -c CMD Initial command to run ($EXINIT also available)
- -R Read-only
- -H List available features
- vlock
- vlock [-a]
- Lock a virtual terminal. A password is required to unlock.
- -a Lock all VTs
- volname
- volname [DEVICE]
- Show CD volume name of the DEVICE (default /dev/cdrom)
- w w
- Show who is logged on
- wall
- wall [FILE]
- Write content of FILE or stdin to all logged-in users
- watch
- watch [-n SEC] [-t] PROG ARGS
- Run PROG periodically
- -n Loop period in seconds (default 2)
- -t Don't print header
- watchdog
- watchdog [-t N[ms]] [-T N[ms]] [-F] DEV
- Periodically write to watchdog device DEV
- -T N Reboot after N seconds if not reset (default 60)
- -t N Reset every N seconds (default 30)
- -F Run in foreground
- Use 500ms to specify period in milliseconds
- wc wc [-cmlwL] [FILE]...
- Count lines, words, and bytes for each FILE (or stdin)
- -c Count bytes
- -m Count characters
- -l Count newlines
- -w Count words
- -L Print longest line length
- wget
- wget [-c|--continue] [--spider] [-q|--quiet] [-O|--output-document
- FILE] [--header 'header: value'] [-Y|--proxy on/off] [-P DIR]
- [-S|--server-response] [-U|--user-agent AGENT] [-T SEC] URL...
- Retrieve files via HTTP or FTP
- --spider Only check URL existence: $? is 0 if exists
- -c Continue retrieval of aborted transfer
- -q Quiet
- -P DIR Save to DIR (default .)
- -S Show server response
- -T SEC Network read timeout is SEC seconds
- -O FILE Save to FILE ('-' for stdout)
- -U STR Use STR for User-Agent header
- -Y on/off Use proxy
- which
- which [COMMAND]...
- Locate a COMMAND
- who who [-a]
- Show who is logged on
- -a Show all
- -H Print column headers
- whoami
- whoami
- Print the user name associated with the current effective user id
- whois
- whois [-i] [-h SERVER] [-p PORT] NAME...
- Query WHOIS info about NAME
- -i Show redirect results too
- -h,-p Server to query
- xargs
- xargs [OPTIONS] [PROG ARGS]
- Run PROG on every item given by stdin
- -p Ask user whether to run each command
- -r Don't run command if input is empty
- -0 Input is separated by NUL characters
- -a FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin
- -t Print the command on stderr before execution
- -e[STR] STR stops input processing
- -n N Pass no more than N args to PROG
- -s N Pass command line of no more than N bytes
- -I STR Replace STR within PROG ARGS with input line
- -P N Run up to N PROGs in parallel
- -x Exit if size is exceeded
- xxd xxd [OPTIONS] [FILE]
- Hex dump FILE (or stdin)
- -g N Bytes per group
- -c N Bytes per line
- -p Show only hex bytes, assumes -c30
- -l LENGTH Show only first LENGTH bytes
- -s OFFSET Skip OFFSET bytes
- xz xz -d [-cfk] [FILE]...
- Decompress FILE (or stdin)
- -d Decompress
- -c Write to stdout
- -f Force
- -k Keep input files
- xzcat
- xzcat [FILE]...
- Decompress to stdout
- yes yes [STRING]
- Repeatedly output a line with STRING, or 'y'
- zcat
- zcat [FILE]...
- Decompress to stdout
- zcip
- zcip [OPTIONS] IFACE SCRIPT
- Manage a ZeroConf IPv4 link-local address
- -f Run in foreground
- -q Quit after obtaining address
- -r 169.254.x.x Request this address first
- -l x.x.0.0 Use this range instead of 169.254
- -v Verbose
- $LOGGING=none Suppress logging $LOGGING=syslog Log to syslog
- With no -q, runs continuously monitoring for ARP conflicts, exits
- only on I/O errors (link down etc)
- LIBC NSS
- GNU Libc (glibc) uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the
- behavior of the C library for the local environment, and to configure
- how it reads system data, such as passwords and group information. This
- is implemented using an /etc/nsswitch.conf configuration file, and using
- one or more of the /lib/libnss_* libraries. BusyBox tries to avoid using
- any libc calls that make use of NSS. Some applets however, such as login
- and su, will use libc functions that require NSS.
- If you enable CONFIG_USE_BB_PWD_GRP, BusyBox will use internal functions
- to directly access the /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/shadow files
- without using NSS. This may allow you to run your system without the
- need for installing any of the NSS configuration files and libraries.
- When used with glibc, the BusyBox 'networking' applets will similarly
- require that you install at least some of the glibc NSS stuff (in
- particular, /etc/nsswitch.conf, /lib/libnss_dns*, /lib/libnss_files*,
- and /lib/libresolv*).
- Shameless Plug: As an alternative, one could use a C library such as
- uClibc. In addition to making your system significantly smaller, uClibc
- does not require the use of any NSS support files or libraries.
- MAINTAINER
- Denis Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>
- AUTHORS
- The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know
- it or not. If you have written code included in BusyBox, you should
- probably be listed here so you can obtain your bit of eternal glory. If
- you should be listed here, or the description of what you have done
- needs more detail, or is incorrect, please send in an update.
- Emanuele Aina <emanuele.aina@tiscali.it> run-parts
- Erik Andersen <andersen@codepoet.org>
- Tons of new stuff, major rewrite of most of the
- core apps, tons of new apps as noted in header files.
- Lots of tedious effort writing these boring docs that
- nobody is going to actually read.
- Laurence Anderson <l.d.anderson@warwick.ac.uk>
- rpm2cpio, unzip, get_header_cpio, read_gz interface, rpm
- Jeff Angielski <jeff@theptrgroup.com>
- ftpput, ftpget
- Edward Betts <edward@debian.org>
- expr, hostid, logname, whoami
- John Beppu <beppu@codepoet.org>
- du, nslookup, sort
- Brian Candler <B.Candler@pobox.com>
- tiny-ls(ls)
- Randolph Chung <tausq@debian.org>
- fbset, ping, hostname
- Dave Cinege <dcinege@psychosis.com>
- more(v2), makedevs, dutmp, modularization, auto links file,
- various fixes, Linux Router Project maintenance
- Jordan Crouse <jordan@cosmicpenguin.net>
- ipcalc
- Magnus Damm <damm@opensource.se>
- tftp client insmod powerpc support
- Larry Doolittle <ldoolitt@recycle.lbl.gov>
- pristine source directory compilation, lots of patches and fixes.
- Glenn Engel <glenne@engel.org>
- httpd
- Gennady Feldman <gfeldman@gena01.com>
- Sysklogd (single threaded syslogd, IPC Circular buffer support,
- logread), various fixes.
- Karl M. Hegbloom <karlheg@debian.org>
- cp_mv.c, the test suite, various fixes to utility.c, &c.
- Daniel Jacobowitz <dan@debian.org>
- mktemp.c
- Matt Kraai <kraai@alumni.cmu.edu>
- documentation, bugfixes, test suite
- Stephan Linz <linz@li-pro.net>
- ipcalc, Red Hat equivalence
- John Lombardo <john@deltanet.com>
- tr
- Glenn McGrath <bug1@iinet.net.au>
- Common unarchiving code and unarchiving applets, ifupdown, ftpgetput,
- nameif, sed, patch, fold, install, uudecode.
- Various bugfixes, review and apply numerous patches.
- Manuel Novoa III <mjn3@codepoet.org>
- cat, head, mkfifo, mknod, rmdir, sleep, tee, tty, uniq, usleep, wc, yes,
- mesg, vconfig, make_directory, parse_mode, dirname, mode_string,
- get_last_path_component, simplify_path, and a number trivial libbb routines
- also bug fixes, partial rewrites, and size optimizations in
- ash, basename, cal, cmp, cp, df, du, echo, env, ln, logname, md5sum, mkdir,
- mv, realpath, rm, sort, tail, touch, uname, watch, arith, human_readable,
- interface, dutmp, ifconfig, route
- Vladimir Oleynik <dzo@simtreas.ru>
- cmdedit; xargs(current), httpd(current);
- ports: ash, crond, fdisk, inetd, stty, traceroute, top;
- locale, various fixes
- and irreconcilable critic of everything not perfect.
- Bruce Perens <bruce@pixar.com>
- Original author of BusyBox in 1995, 1996. Some of his code can
- still be found hiding here and there...
- Tim Riker <Tim@Rikers.org>
- bug fixes, member of fan club
- Kent Robotti <robotti@metconnect.com>
- reset, tons and tons of bug reports and patches.
- Chip Rosenthal <chip@unicom.com>, <crosenth@covad.com>
- wget - Contributed by permission of Covad Communications
- Pavel Roskin <proski@gnu.org>
- Lots of bugs fixes and patches.
- Gyepi Sam <gyepi@praxis-sw.com>
- Remote logging feature for syslogd
- Linus Torvalds <torvalds@transmeta.com>
- mkswap, fsck.minix, mkfs.minix
- Mark Whitley <markw@codepoet.org>
- grep, sed, cut, xargs(previous),
- style-guide, new-applet-HOWTO, bug fixes, etc.
- Charles P. Wright <cpwright@villagenet.com>
- gzip, mini-netcat(nc)
- Enrique Zanardi <ezanardi@ull.es>
- tarcat (since removed), loadkmap, various fixes, Debian maintenance
- Tito Ragusa <farmatito@tiscali.it>
- devfsd and size optimizations in strings, openvt and deallocvt.
- Paul Fox <pgf@foxharp.boston.ma.us>
- vi editing mode for ash, various other patches/fixes
- Roberto A. Foglietta <me@roberto.foglietta.name>
- port: dnsd
- Bernhard Reutner-Fischer <rep.dot.nop@gmail.com>
- misc
- Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
- initial e2fsprogs, printenv, setarch, sum, misc
- Jie Zhang <jie.zhang@analog.com>
- fixed two bugs in msh and hush (exitcode of killed processes)
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