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- .\" ========================================================================
- .\"
- .IX Title "des 3"
- .TH des 3 "2019-09-12" "1.0.2g" "OpenSSL"
- .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
- .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
- .if n .ad l
- .nh
- .SH "NAME"
- DES_random_key, DES_set_key, DES_key_sched, DES_set_key_checked,
- DES_set_key_unchecked, DES_set_odd_parity, DES_is_weak_key,
- DES_ecb_encrypt, DES_ecb2_encrypt, DES_ecb3_encrypt, DES_ncbc_encrypt,
- DES_cfb_encrypt, DES_ofb_encrypt, DES_pcbc_encrypt, DES_cfb64_encrypt,
- DES_ofb64_encrypt, DES_xcbc_encrypt, DES_ede2_cbc_encrypt,
- DES_ede2_cfb64_encrypt, DES_ede2_ofb64_encrypt, DES_ede3_cbc_encrypt,
- DES_ede3_cbcm_encrypt, DES_ede3_cfb64_encrypt, DES_ede3_ofb64_encrypt,
- DES_cbc_cksum, DES_quad_cksum, DES_string_to_key, DES_string_to_2keys,
- DES_fcrypt, DES_crypt, DES_enc_read, DES_enc_write \- DES encryption
- .SH "SYNOPSIS"
- .IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
- .Vb 1
- \& #include <openssl/des.h>
- \&
- \& void DES_random_key(DES_cblock *ret);
- \&
- \& int DES_set_key(const_DES_cblock *key, DES_key_schedule *schedule);
- \& int DES_key_sched(const_DES_cblock *key, DES_key_schedule *schedule);
- \& int DES_set_key_checked(const_DES_cblock *key,
- \& DES_key_schedule *schedule);
- \& void DES_set_key_unchecked(const_DES_cblock *key,
- \& DES_key_schedule *schedule);
- \&
- \& void DES_set_odd_parity(DES_cblock *key);
- \& int DES_is_weak_key(const_DES_cblock *key);
- \&
- \& void DES_ecb_encrypt(const_DES_cblock *input, DES_cblock *output,
- \& DES_key_schedule *ks, int enc);
- \& void DES_ecb2_encrypt(const_DES_cblock *input, DES_cblock *output,
- \& DES_key_schedule *ks1, DES_key_schedule *ks2, int enc);
- \& void DES_ecb3_encrypt(const_DES_cblock *input, DES_cblock *output,
- \& DES_key_schedule *ks1, DES_key_schedule *ks2,
- \& DES_key_schedule *ks3, int enc);
- \&
- \& void DES_ncbc_encrypt(const unsigned char *input, unsigned char *output,
- \& long length, DES_key_schedule *schedule, DES_cblock *ivec,
- \& int enc);
- \& void DES_cfb_encrypt(const unsigned char *in, unsigned char *out,
- \& int numbits, long length, DES_key_schedule *schedule,
- \& DES_cblock *ivec, int enc);
- \& void DES_ofb_encrypt(const unsigned char *in, unsigned char *out,
- \& int numbits, long length, DES_key_schedule *schedule,
- \& DES_cblock *ivec);
- \& void DES_pcbc_encrypt(const unsigned char *input, unsigned char *output,
- \& long length, DES_key_schedule *schedule, DES_cblock *ivec,
- \& int enc);
- \& void DES_cfb64_encrypt(const unsigned char *in, unsigned char *out,
- \& long length, DES_key_schedule *schedule, DES_cblock *ivec,
- \& int *num, int enc);
- \& void DES_ofb64_encrypt(const unsigned char *in, unsigned char *out,
- \& long length, DES_key_schedule *schedule, DES_cblock *ivec,
- \& int *num);
- \&
- \& void DES_xcbc_encrypt(const unsigned char *input, unsigned char *output,
- \& long length, DES_key_schedule *schedule, DES_cblock *ivec,
- \& const_DES_cblock *inw, const_DES_cblock *outw, int enc);
- \&
- \& void DES_ede2_cbc_encrypt(const unsigned char *input,
- \& unsigned char *output, long length, DES_key_schedule *ks1,
- \& DES_key_schedule *ks2, DES_cblock *ivec, int enc);
- \& void DES_ede2_cfb64_encrypt(const unsigned char *in,
- \& unsigned char *out, long length, DES_key_schedule *ks1,
- \& DES_key_schedule *ks2, DES_cblock *ivec, int *num, int enc);
- \& void DES_ede2_ofb64_encrypt(const unsigned char *in,
- \& unsigned char *out, long length, DES_key_schedule *ks1,
- \& DES_key_schedule *ks2, DES_cblock *ivec, int *num);
- \&
- \& void DES_ede3_cbc_encrypt(const unsigned char *input,
- \& unsigned char *output, long length, DES_key_schedule *ks1,
- \& DES_key_schedule *ks2, DES_key_schedule *ks3, DES_cblock *ivec,
- \& int enc);
- \& void DES_ede3_cbcm_encrypt(const unsigned char *in, unsigned char *out,
- \& long length, DES_key_schedule *ks1, DES_key_schedule *ks2,
- \& DES_key_schedule *ks3, DES_cblock *ivec1, DES_cblock *ivec2,
- \& int enc);
- \& void DES_ede3_cfb64_encrypt(const unsigned char *in, unsigned char *out,
- \& long length, DES_key_schedule *ks1, DES_key_schedule *ks2,
- \& DES_key_schedule *ks3, DES_cblock *ivec, int *num, int enc);
- \& void DES_ede3_ofb64_encrypt(const unsigned char *in, unsigned char *out,
- \& long length, DES_key_schedule *ks1,
- \& DES_key_schedule *ks2, DES_key_schedule *ks3,
- \& DES_cblock *ivec, int *num);
- \&
- \& DES_LONG DES_cbc_cksum(const unsigned char *input, DES_cblock *output,
- \& long length, DES_key_schedule *schedule,
- \& const_DES_cblock *ivec);
- \& DES_LONG DES_quad_cksum(const unsigned char *input, DES_cblock output[],
- \& long length, int out_count, DES_cblock *seed);
- \& void DES_string_to_key(const char *str, DES_cblock *key);
- \& void DES_string_to_2keys(const char *str, DES_cblock *key1,
- \& DES_cblock *key2);
- \&
- \& char *DES_fcrypt(const char *buf, const char *salt, char *ret);
- \& char *DES_crypt(const char *buf, const char *salt);
- \&
- \& int DES_enc_read(int fd, void *buf, int len, DES_key_schedule *sched,
- \& DES_cblock *iv);
- \& int DES_enc_write(int fd, const void *buf, int len,
- \& DES_key_schedule *sched, DES_cblock *iv);
- .Ve
- .SH "DESCRIPTION"
- .IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
- This library contains a fast implementation of the \s-1DES\s0 encryption
- algorithm.
- .PP
- There are two phases to the use of \s-1DES\s0 encryption. The first is the
- generation of a \fIDES_key_schedule\fR from a key, the second is the
- actual encryption. A \s-1DES\s0 key is of type \fIDES_cblock\fR. This type is
- consists of 8 bytes with odd parity. The least significant bit in
- each byte is the parity bit. The key schedule is an expanded form of
- the key; it is used to speed the encryption process.
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_random_key()\fR generates a random key. The \s-1PRNG\s0 must be seeded
- prior to using this function (see \fIrand\fR\|(3)). If the \s-1PRNG\s0
- could not generate a secure key, 0 is returned.
- .PP
- Before a \s-1DES\s0 key can be used, it must be converted into the
- architecture dependent \fIDES_key_schedule\fR via the
- \&\fIDES_set_key_checked()\fR or \fIDES_set_key_unchecked()\fR function.
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_set_key_checked()\fR will check that the key passed is of odd parity
- and is not a week or semi-weak key. If the parity is wrong, then \-1
- is returned. If the key is a weak key, then \-2 is returned. If an
- error is returned, the key schedule is not generated.
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_set_key()\fR works like
- \&\fIDES_set_key_checked()\fR if the \fIDES_check_key\fR flag is non-zero,
- otherwise like \fIDES_set_key_unchecked()\fR. These functions are available
- for compatibility; it is recommended to use a function that does not
- depend on a global variable.
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_set_odd_parity()\fR sets the parity of the passed \fIkey\fR to odd.
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_is_weak_key()\fR returns 1 if the passed key is a weak key, 0 if it
- is ok.
- .PP
- The following routines mostly operate on an input and output stream of
- \&\fIDES_cblock\fRs.
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_ecb_encrypt()\fR is the basic \s-1DES\s0 encryption routine that encrypts or
- decrypts a single 8\-byte \fIDES_cblock\fR in \fIelectronic code book\fR
- (\s-1ECB\s0) mode. It always transforms the input data, pointed to by
- \&\fIinput\fR, into the output data, pointed to by the \fIoutput\fR argument.
- If the \fIencrypt\fR argument is non-zero (\s-1DES_ENCRYPT\s0), the \fIinput\fR
- (cleartext) is encrypted in to the \fIoutput\fR (ciphertext) using the
- key_schedule specified by the \fIschedule\fR argument, previously set via
- \&\fIDES_set_key\fR. If \fIencrypt\fR is zero (\s-1DES_DECRYPT\s0), the \fIinput\fR (now
- ciphertext) is decrypted into the \fIoutput\fR (now cleartext). Input
- and output may overlap. \fIDES_ecb_encrypt()\fR does not return a value.
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_ecb3_encrypt()\fR encrypts/decrypts the \fIinput\fR block by using
- three-key Triple-DES encryption in \s-1ECB\s0 mode. This involves encrypting
- the input with \fIks1\fR, decrypting with the key schedule \fIks2\fR, and
- then encrypting with \fIks3\fR. This routine greatly reduces the chances
- of brute force breaking of \s-1DES\s0 and has the advantage of if \fIks1\fR,
- \&\fIks2\fR and \fIks3\fR are the same, it is equivalent to just encryption
- using \s-1ECB\s0 mode and \fIks1\fR as the key.
- .PP
- The macro \fIDES_ecb2_encrypt()\fR is provided to perform two-key Triple-DES
- encryption by using \fIks1\fR for the final encryption.
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_ncbc_encrypt()\fR encrypts/decrypts using the \fIcipher-block-chaining\fR
- (\s-1CBC\s0) mode of \s-1DES.\s0 If the \fIencrypt\fR argument is non-zero, the
- routine cipher-block-chain encrypts the cleartext data pointed to by
- the \fIinput\fR argument into the ciphertext pointed to by the \fIoutput\fR
- argument, using the key schedule provided by the \fIschedule\fR argument,
- and initialization vector provided by the \fIivec\fR argument. If the
- \&\fIlength\fR argument is not an integral multiple of eight bytes, the
- last block is copied to a temporary area and zero filled. The output
- is always an integral multiple of eight bytes.
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_xcbc_encrypt()\fR is \s-1RSA\s0's \s-1DESX\s0 mode of \s-1DES.\s0 It uses \fIinw\fR and
- \&\fIoutw\fR to 'whiten' the encryption. \fIinw\fR and \fIoutw\fR are secret
- (unlike the iv) and are as such, part of the key. So the key is sort
- of 24 bytes. This is much better than \s-1CBC DES.\s0
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_ede3_cbc_encrypt()\fR implements outer triple \s-1CBC DES\s0 encryption with
- three keys. This means that each \s-1DES\s0 operation inside the \s-1CBC\s0 mode is
- an \f(CW\*(C`C=E(ks3,D(ks2,E(ks1,M)))\*(C'\fR. This mode is used by \s-1SSL.\s0
- .PP
- The \fIDES_ede2_cbc_encrypt()\fR macro implements two-key Triple-DES by
- reusing \fIks1\fR for the final encryption. \f(CW\*(C`C=E(ks1,D(ks2,E(ks1,M)))\*(C'\fR.
- This form of Triple-DES is used by the \s-1RSAREF\s0 library.
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_pcbc_encrypt()\fR encrypt/decrypts using the propagating cipher block
- chaining mode used by Kerberos v4. Its parameters are the same as
- \&\fIDES_ncbc_encrypt()\fR.
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_cfb_encrypt()\fR encrypt/decrypts using cipher feedback mode. This
- method takes an array of characters as input and outputs and array of
- characters. It does not require any padding to 8 character groups.
- Note: the \fIivec\fR variable is changed and the new changed value needs to
- be passed to the next call to this function. Since this function runs
- a complete \s-1DES ECB\s0 encryption per \fInumbits\fR, this function is only
- suggested for use when sending small numbers of characters.
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_cfb64_encrypt()\fR
- implements \s-1CFB\s0 mode of \s-1DES\s0 with 64bit feedback. Why is this
- useful you ask? Because this routine will allow you to encrypt an
- arbitrary number of bytes, no 8 byte padding. Each call to this
- routine will encrypt the input bytes to output and then update ivec
- and num. num contains 'how far' we are though ivec. If this does
- not make much sense, read more about cfb mode of \s-1DES :\-\s0).
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_ede3_cfb64_encrypt()\fR and \fIDES_ede2_cfb64_encrypt()\fR is the same as
- \&\fIDES_cfb64_encrypt()\fR except that Triple-DES is used.
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_ofb_encrypt()\fR encrypts using output feedback mode. This method
- takes an array of characters as input and outputs and array of
- characters. It does not require any padding to 8 character groups.
- Note: the \fIivec\fR variable is changed and the new changed value needs to
- be passed to the next call to this function. Since this function runs
- a complete \s-1DES ECB\s0 encryption per numbits, this function is only
- suggested for use when sending small numbers of characters.
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_ofb64_encrypt()\fR is the same as \fIDES_cfb64_encrypt()\fR using Output
- Feed Back mode.
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_ede3_ofb64_encrypt()\fR and \fIDES_ede2_ofb64_encrypt()\fR is the same as
- \&\fIDES_ofb64_encrypt()\fR, using Triple-DES.
- .PP
- The following functions are included in the \s-1DES\s0 library for
- compatibility with the \s-1MIT\s0 Kerberos library.
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_cbc_cksum()\fR produces an 8 byte checksum based on the input stream
- (via \s-1CBC\s0 encryption). The last 4 bytes of the checksum are returned
- and the complete 8 bytes are placed in \fIoutput\fR. This function is
- used by Kerberos v4. Other applications should use
- \&\fIEVP_DigestInit\fR\|(3) etc. instead.
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_quad_cksum()\fR is a Kerberos v4 function. It returns a 4 byte
- checksum from the input bytes. The algorithm can be iterated over the
- input, depending on \fIout_count\fR, 1, 2, 3 or 4 times. If \fIoutput\fR is
- non-NULL, the 8 bytes generated by each pass are written into
- \&\fIoutput\fR.
- .PP
- The following are DES-based transformations:
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_fcrypt()\fR is a fast version of the Unix \fIcrypt\fR\|(3) function. This
- version takes only a small amount of space relative to other fast
- \&\fIcrypt()\fR implementations. This is different to the normal crypt in
- that the third parameter is the buffer that the return value is
- written into. It needs to be at least 14 bytes long. This function
- is thread safe, unlike the normal crypt.
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_crypt()\fR is a faster replacement for the normal system \fIcrypt()\fR.
- This function calls \fIDES_fcrypt()\fR with a static array passed as the
- third parameter. This emulates the normal non-thread safe semantics
- of \fIcrypt\fR\|(3).
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_enc_write()\fR writes \fIlen\fR bytes to file descriptor \fIfd\fR from
- buffer \fIbuf\fR. The data is encrypted via \fIpcbc_encrypt\fR (default)
- using \fIsched\fR for the key and \fIiv\fR as a starting vector. The actual
- data send down \fIfd\fR consists of 4 bytes (in network byte order)
- containing the length of the following encrypted data. The encrypted
- data then follows, padded with random data out to a multiple of 8
- bytes.
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_enc_read()\fR is used to read \fIlen\fR bytes from file descriptor
- \&\fIfd\fR into buffer \fIbuf\fR. The data being read from \fIfd\fR is assumed to
- have come from \fIDES_enc_write()\fR and is decrypted using \fIsched\fR for
- the key schedule and \fIiv\fR for the initial vector.
- .PP
- \&\fBWarning:\fR The data format used by \fIDES_enc_write()\fR and \fIDES_enc_read()\fR
- has a cryptographic weakness: When asked to write more than \s-1MAXWRITE\s0
- bytes, \fIDES_enc_write()\fR will split the data into several chunks that
- are all encrypted using the same \s-1IV.\s0 So don't use these functions
- unless you are sure you know what you do (in which case you might not
- want to use them anyway). They cannot handle non-blocking sockets.
- \&\fIDES_enc_read()\fR uses an internal state and thus cannot be used on
- multiple files.
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_rw_mode\fR is used to specify the encryption mode to use with
- \&\fIDES_enc_read()\fR and \fIDES_end_write()\fR. If set to \fI\s-1DES_PCBC_MODE\s0\fR (the
- default), DES_pcbc_encrypt is used. If set to \fI\s-1DES_CBC_MODE\s0\fR
- DES_cbc_encrypt is used.
- .SH "NOTES"
- .IX Header "NOTES"
- Single-key \s-1DES\s0 is insecure due to its short key size. \s-1ECB\s0 mode is
- not suitable for most applications; see \fIdes_modes\fR\|(7).
- .PP
- The \fIevp\fR\|(3) library provides higher-level encryption functions.
- .SH "BUGS"
- .IX Header "BUGS"
- \&\fIDES_3cbc_encrypt()\fR is flawed and must not be used in applications.
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_cbc_encrypt()\fR does not modify \fBivec\fR; use \fIDES_ncbc_encrypt()\fR
- instead.
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_cfb_encrypt()\fR and \fIDES_ofb_encrypt()\fR operates on input of 8 bits.
- What this means is that if you set numbits to 12, and length to 2, the
- first 12 bits will come from the 1st input byte and the low half of
- the second input byte. The second 12 bits will have the low 8 bits
- taken from the 3rd input byte and the top 4 bits taken from the 4th
- input byte. The same holds for output. This function has been
- implemented this way because most people will be using a multiple of 8
- and because once you get into pulling bytes input bytes apart things
- get ugly!
- .PP
- \&\fIDES_string_to_key()\fR is available for backward compatibility with the
- \&\s-1MIT\s0 library. New applications should use a cryptographic hash function.
- The same applies for \fIDES_string_to_2key()\fR.
- .SH "CONFORMING TO"
- .IX Header "CONFORMING TO"
- \&\s-1ANSI X3.106\s0
- .PP
- The \fBdes\fR library was written to be source code compatible with
- the \s-1MIT\s0 Kerberos library.
- .SH "SEE ALSO"
- .IX Header "SEE ALSO"
- \&\fIcrypt\fR\|(3), \fIdes_modes\fR\|(7), \fIevp\fR\|(3), \fIrand\fR\|(3)
- .SH "HISTORY"
- .IX Header "HISTORY"
- In OpenSSL 0.9.7, all des_ functions were renamed to \s-1DES_\s0 to avoid
- clashes with older versions of libdes. Compatibility des_ functions
- are provided for a short while, as well as \fIcrypt()\fR.
- Declarations for these are in <openssl/des_old.h>. There is no \s-1DES_\s0
- variant for \fIdes_random_seed()\fR.
- This will happen to other functions
- as well if they are deemed redundant (\fIdes_random_seed()\fR just calls
- \&\fIRAND_seed()\fR and is present for backward compatibility only), buggy or
- already scheduled for removal.
- .PP
- \&\fIdes_cbc_cksum()\fR, \fIdes_cbc_encrypt()\fR, \fIdes_ecb_encrypt()\fR,
- \&\fIdes_is_weak_key()\fR, \fIdes_key_sched()\fR, \fIdes_pcbc_encrypt()\fR,
- \&\fIdes_quad_cksum()\fR, \fIdes_random_key()\fR and \fIdes_string_to_key()\fR
- are available in the \s-1MIT\s0 Kerberos library;
- \&\fIdes_check_key_parity()\fR, \fIdes_fixup_key_parity()\fR and \fIdes_is_weak_key()\fR
- are available in newer versions of that library.
- .PP
- \&\fIdes_set_key_checked()\fR and \fIdes_set_key_unchecked()\fR were added in
- OpenSSL 0.9.5.
- .PP
- \&\fIdes_generate_random_block()\fR, \fIdes_init_random_number_generator()\fR,
- \&\fIdes_new_random_key()\fR, \fIdes_set_random_generator_seed()\fR and
- \&\fIdes_set_sequence_number()\fR and \fIdes_rand_data()\fR are used in newer
- versions of Kerberos but are not implemented here.
- .PP
- \&\fIdes_random_key()\fR generated cryptographically weak random data in
- SSLeay and in OpenSSL prior version 0.9.5, as well as in the original
- \&\s-1MIT\s0 library.
- .SH "AUTHOR"
- .IX Header "AUTHOR"
- Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com). Modified for the OpenSSL project
- (http://www.openssl.org).
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