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- """Utilities for with-statement contexts. See PEP 343."""
- import sys
- from collections import deque
- from functools import wraps
- __all__ = ["contextmanager", "closing", "ContextDecorator", "ExitStack",
- "redirect_stdout", "redirect_stderr", "suppress"]
- class ContextDecorator(object):
- "A base class or mixin that enables context managers to work as decorators."
- def _recreate_cm(self):
- """Return a recreated instance of self.
- Allows an otherwise one-shot context manager like
- _GeneratorContextManager to support use as
- a decorator via implicit recreation.
- This is a private interface just for _GeneratorContextManager.
- See issue #11647 for details.
- """
- return self
- def __call__(self, func):
- @wraps(func)
- def inner(*args, **kwds):
- with self._recreate_cm():
- return func(*args, **kwds)
- return inner
- class _GeneratorContextManager(ContextDecorator):
- """Helper for @contextmanager decorator."""
- def __init__(self, func, args, kwds):
- self.gen = func(*args, **kwds)
- self.func, self.args, self.kwds = func, args, kwds
- # Issue 19330: ensure context manager instances have good docstrings
- doc = getattr(func, "__doc__", None)
- if doc is None:
- doc = type(self).__doc__
- self.__doc__ = doc
- # Unfortunately, this still doesn't provide good help output when
- # inspecting the created context manager instances, since pydoc
- # currently bypasses the instance docstring and shows the docstring
- # for the class instead.
- # See http://bugs.python.org/issue19404 for more details.
- def _recreate_cm(self):
- # _GCM instances are one-shot context managers, so the
- # CM must be recreated each time a decorated function is
- # called
- return self.__class__(self.func, self.args, self.kwds)
- def __enter__(self):
- try:
- return next(self.gen)
- except StopIteration:
- raise RuntimeError("generator didn't yield") from None
- def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
- if type is None:
- try:
- next(self.gen)
- except StopIteration:
- return
- else:
- raise RuntimeError("generator didn't stop")
- else:
- if value is None:
- # Need to force instantiation so we can reliably
- # tell if we get the same exception back
- value = type()
- try:
- self.gen.throw(type, value, traceback)
- raise RuntimeError("generator didn't stop after throw()")
- except StopIteration as exc:
- # Suppress StopIteration *unless* it's the same exception that
- # was passed to throw(). This prevents a StopIteration
- # raised inside the "with" statement from being suppressed.
- return exc is not value
- except RuntimeError as exc:
- # Likewise, avoid suppressing if a StopIteration exception
- # was passed to throw() and later wrapped into a RuntimeError
- # (see PEP 479).
- if exc.__cause__ is value:
- return False
- raise
- except:
- # only re-raise if it's *not* the exception that was
- # passed to throw(), because __exit__() must not raise
- # an exception unless __exit__() itself failed. But throw()
- # has to raise the exception to signal propagation, so this
- # fixes the impedance mismatch between the throw() protocol
- # and the __exit__() protocol.
- #
- if sys.exc_info()[1] is not value:
- raise
- def contextmanager(func):
- """@contextmanager decorator.
- Typical usage:
- @contextmanager
- def some_generator(<arguments>):
- <setup>
- try:
- yield <value>
- finally:
- <cleanup>
- This makes this:
- with some_generator(<arguments>) as <variable>:
- <body>
- equivalent to this:
- <setup>
- try:
- <variable> = <value>
- <body>
- finally:
- <cleanup>
- """
- @wraps(func)
- def helper(*args, **kwds):
- return _GeneratorContextManager(func, args, kwds)
- return helper
- class closing(object):
- """Context to automatically close something at the end of a block.
- Code like this:
- with closing(<module>.open(<arguments>)) as f:
- <block>
- is equivalent to this:
- f = <module>.open(<arguments>)
- try:
- <block>
- finally:
- f.close()
- """
- def __init__(self, thing):
- self.thing = thing
- def __enter__(self):
- return self.thing
- def __exit__(self, *exc_info):
- self.thing.close()
- class _RedirectStream:
- _stream = None
- def __init__(self, new_target):
- self._new_target = new_target
- # We use a list of old targets to make this CM re-entrant
- self._old_targets = []
- def __enter__(self):
- self._old_targets.append(getattr(sys, self._stream))
- setattr(sys, self._stream, self._new_target)
- return self._new_target
- def __exit__(self, exctype, excinst, exctb):
- setattr(sys, self._stream, self._old_targets.pop())
- class redirect_stdout(_RedirectStream):
- """Context manager for temporarily redirecting stdout to another file.
- # How to send help() to stderr
- with redirect_stdout(sys.stderr):
- help(dir)
- # How to write help() to a file
- with open('help.txt', 'w') as f:
- with redirect_stdout(f):
- help(pow)
- """
- _stream = "stdout"
- class redirect_stderr(_RedirectStream):
- """Context manager for temporarily redirecting stderr to another file."""
- _stream = "stderr"
- class suppress:
- """Context manager to suppress specified exceptions
- After the exception is suppressed, execution proceeds with the next
- statement following the with statement.
- with suppress(FileNotFoundError):
- os.remove(somefile)
- # Execution still resumes here if the file was already removed
- """
- def __init__(self, *exceptions):
- self._exceptions = exceptions
- def __enter__(self):
- pass
- def __exit__(self, exctype, excinst, exctb):
- # Unlike isinstance and issubclass, CPython exception handling
- # currently only looks at the concrete type hierarchy (ignoring
- # the instance and subclass checking hooks). While Guido considers
- # that a bug rather than a feature, it's a fairly hard one to fix
- # due to various internal implementation details. suppress provides
- # the simpler issubclass based semantics, rather than trying to
- # exactly reproduce the limitations of the CPython interpreter.
- #
- # See http://bugs.python.org/issue12029 for more details
- return exctype is not None and issubclass(exctype, self._exceptions)
- # Inspired by discussions on http://bugs.python.org/issue13585
- class ExitStack(object):
- """Context manager for dynamic management of a stack of exit callbacks
- For example:
- with ExitStack() as stack:
- files = [stack.enter_context(open(fname)) for fname in filenames]
- # All opened files will automatically be closed at the end of
- # the with statement, even if attempts to open files later
- # in the list raise an exception
- """
- def __init__(self):
- self._exit_callbacks = deque()
- def pop_all(self):
- """Preserve the context stack by transferring it to a new instance"""
- new_stack = type(self)()
- new_stack._exit_callbacks = self._exit_callbacks
- self._exit_callbacks = deque()
- return new_stack
- def _push_cm_exit(self, cm, cm_exit):
- """Helper to correctly register callbacks to __exit__ methods"""
- def _exit_wrapper(*exc_details):
- return cm_exit(cm, *exc_details)
- _exit_wrapper.__self__ = cm
- self.push(_exit_wrapper)
- def push(self, exit):
- """Registers a callback with the standard __exit__ method signature
- Can suppress exceptions the same way __exit__ methods can.
- Also accepts any object with an __exit__ method (registering a call
- to the method instead of the object itself)
- """
- # We use an unbound method rather than a bound method to follow
- # the standard lookup behaviour for special methods
- _cb_type = type(exit)
- try:
- exit_method = _cb_type.__exit__
- except AttributeError:
- # Not a context manager, so assume its a callable
- self._exit_callbacks.append(exit)
- else:
- self._push_cm_exit(exit, exit_method)
- return exit # Allow use as a decorator
- def callback(self, callback, *args, **kwds):
- """Registers an arbitrary callback and arguments.
- Cannot suppress exceptions.
- """
- def _exit_wrapper(exc_type, exc, tb):
- callback(*args, **kwds)
- # We changed the signature, so using @wraps is not appropriate, but
- # setting __wrapped__ may still help with introspection
- _exit_wrapper.__wrapped__ = callback
- self.push(_exit_wrapper)
- return callback # Allow use as a decorator
- def enter_context(self, cm):
- """Enters the supplied context manager
- If successful, also pushes its __exit__ method as a callback and
- returns the result of the __enter__ method.
- """
- # We look up the special methods on the type to match the with statement
- _cm_type = type(cm)
- _exit = _cm_type.__exit__
- result = _cm_type.__enter__(cm)
- self._push_cm_exit(cm, _exit)
- return result
- def close(self):
- """Immediately unwind the context stack"""
- self.__exit__(None, None, None)
- def __enter__(self):
- return self
- def __exit__(self, *exc_details):
- received_exc = exc_details[0] is not None
- # We manipulate the exception state so it behaves as though
- # we were actually nesting multiple with statements
- frame_exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
- def _fix_exception_context(new_exc, old_exc):
- # Context may not be correct, so find the end of the chain
- while 1:
- exc_context = new_exc.__context__
- if exc_context is old_exc:
- # Context is already set correctly (see issue 20317)
- return
- if exc_context is None or exc_context is frame_exc:
- break
- new_exc = exc_context
- # Change the end of the chain to point to the exception
- # we expect it to reference
- new_exc.__context__ = old_exc
- # Callbacks are invoked in LIFO order to match the behaviour of
- # nested context managers
- suppressed_exc = False
- pending_raise = False
- while self._exit_callbacks:
- cb = self._exit_callbacks.pop()
- try:
- if cb(*exc_details):
- suppressed_exc = True
- pending_raise = False
- exc_details = (None, None, None)
- except:
- new_exc_details = sys.exc_info()
- # simulate the stack of exceptions by setting the context
- _fix_exception_context(new_exc_details[1], exc_details[1])
- pending_raise = True
- exc_details = new_exc_details
- if pending_raise:
- try:
- # bare "raise exc_details[1]" replaces our carefully
- # set-up context
- fixed_ctx = exc_details[1].__context__
- raise exc_details[1]
- except BaseException:
- exc_details[1].__context__ = fixed_ctx
- raise
- return received_exc and suppressed_exc
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